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Lessons 1. Skeletal System Go Go 2. Diseases and Disorders Go Go

Table of Contents  Skeletal system  The skeletal system: ▫Provides shape and support to the body ▫Protects vital organs ▫Acts as a set of levers, and together with muscles helps a person move ▫Produces blood cells ▫Stores calcium

Table of Contents  Long bones  Short bones  Flat bones  Irregular bones

Table of Contents  Axial skeleton  Appendicular skeleton (extremities)

Table of Contents  Diaphysis & Epiphysis  Articular cartilage  Periosteum: outer layer furthest away from the bone  Medullary canal: Location of bone marrow  Endosteum: thin layer of connective tissue that lines the inner surfaces of all bones

Table of Contents  Red marrow: Blood cell development  Yellow marrow: Stores fat and energy

Table of Contents  OSTEOBLAST  Bone FORMATION  OSTEOCLAST  Absorbs bone tissue during GROWTH AND HEALING

Table of Contents  Arthritis: Painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints  Sprain: Overstretching and/or tearing of the ligament  Fracture: Cracking or breaking of the bone

Table of Contents  Open/Compound: Full break of bone (may or may not puncture through skin)

Table of Contents  Stress: Small hairline fractures caused by repetitive stress (Running, jumping, etc)  Spiral: Occur when the body is in motion while one extremity is planted.  Greenstick: one side of the bone is broken and the other only bent (mainly in children)  Comminuted: Bone shattered in several places

Table of Contents  Dislocation: Bone out of the joint  Subluxation: Partial dislocation * A joint is union between two bones

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 Joints: union between two bones  Ligaments: Connect bone to bone  Joints are classified by movement: ▫Diarthrosis– movable ▫Amphiarthrosis– partially movable ▫Synarthrosis– not movable

Table of Contents Ligament: Connects bone to bone  Elbow = UCL (Ulnar collateral ligament)  Thumb = UCL (Ulnar collateral ligament)  Knee = ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL  Ankle = ◦ Medial: Deltoid ligaments ◦ Lateral: ATF (Anterior Talofibular)

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 ACL  PCL  LCL  MCL

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Table of Contents 1. Head 2. Shoulder 3. Chest (sternum/ribs) 4. Spine 5. Elbow 6. Wrist 7. Fingers 8. Hip 9. Knee 10. Ankle 11. Foot/Toes

Table of Contents 1. What are the anatomical names of each joint? 2. What bones are involved? 3. What type of joint? 4. What major ligaments are within the joint? 5. 3 common injuries involving the joint? ◦ What is the injury ◦ Common mechanism of injury (how does it happen) ◦ Signs/Symptoms ◦ Treatment

Table of Contents  Continue to work on muscular system modules to complete  OR go over joints and their injuries?

Table of Contents  Hammer toe ◦ Permanent bend to MIP joint (Middle Interphalangeal) ◦ CAUSES… ◦ Too tight of shoes ◦ Arthritis ◦ Injury to tendon

Table of Contents  Swelling at the distal metatarsal of the great toe and the 5 th toe  Caused by wearing shoes… ◦ Too tight ◦ Friction of the area

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 Similar to bunion… bony enlargement at back of heel caused by BURSITIS (Inflammation of bursa)

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 Interosseus membrane damage

Table of Contents  Meniscus: Padding to prevent friction of femur and tibia  Caused by twisting of the knee

Table of Contents  ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament)

Table of Contents  Valgus: Lateral force  MCL injury  Varus: Medial force  LCL injury

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 Caused by overuse… ◦ Typing ◦ Texting

Table of Contents  MOI: Caught in a jersey

Table of Contents  Caused by overuse…  Throwing (Baseball)  Hitting (Volleyball)  Swimming  Working with arms overhead

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 2 anchors (above and below)  2 stirrups (medial to lateral  horse shoes  2 heel locks  2 figure 8  Closure

Table of Contents  The skull consists of the cranium and facial bones.  Cranium ▫1 frontal ▫2 parietal ▫2 temporal ▫1 occipital ▫1 ethmoid ▫1 sphenoid  Sutures.

Table of Contents  Facial bones ▫5 nasal ▫2 maxilla ▫2 lacrimal ▫2 zygomatic ▫2 palatine ▫1 mandible  Sinuses

Table of Contents  Vertebrae  Discs

Table of Contents  Thorax  Ribs  Sternum ▫Manubrium ▫Gladiolus ▫Xiphoid process

Table of Contents  Shoulder girdle ◦ 2 clavicles ◦ 2 scapulas.

Table of Contents  Arm bones: ▫Humerus ▫Ulna ▫Radius  Hand bones: ▫8 carpals ▫5 metacarpals ▫14 phalanges

Table of Contents  Pelvic girdle is made of 2 hip bones, which connect at the symphysis pubis.  Each hip bone is composed of 3 sections: ▫Illium ▫Ischium ▫Pubis

Table of Contents  Leg bones: ▫Femur ▫Patella ▫Tibia ▫Fibula  Foot bones: ▫7 tarsals ▫5 metatarsals ▫14 phalanges