The High Tide of Imperialism 20

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Colonial Southeast Asia, c. 1850

The Spread of Colonial Rule  Africa and Asia a source of raw materials and markets for European manufactured goods (Imperialism: John A. Hobson  Motives for expansion: Economic (need for oil, rubber), National grandeur, Moral purposes (Social Darwinism)  No longer happy to deal with independent states; maintaining access important  Competition for control over territories  “Opportunity in the Orient”: Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia  Malay Peninsula-British  Singapore-British  Burma-British  Vietnam-French  Philippines-United States

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Africa Before World War I

Empire Building in Africa- see map pg. 575  The Growing European Presence in West Africa  Slave trade  Abolished by all major countries in the world by 1880s  “Legitimate trade”-natural resources exchanged for textiles  More permanent presence  Gold Coast and Sierra Leone- British  Liberia-United States  New class of western educated Africans emerged  “Informal Empire”- What historians call the European encroachment

Empire Building in Africa cont’d  Imperialist Shadow over the Nile- due to weakening of Turkish/Ottoman rule  Napoleon-tried to take over Egypt, British forces counterattacked and restored the Mamluk’s power  Muhammad Ali- seized control of Egypt, was a modernizer and reformer, became the pasha or khedive of Egypt under the loose authority of Ottoman Empire  Suez Canal, was constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, cost thousands of lives, put Egypt in debt-British bought shares and established a protectorate over Egypt until World War I  Sudan- religious revolt led by Muhammad Ahmad (Mahdi), brought upper Nile under his control  Charles Gordon led British forces against Mahdi, but he was killed in 1885 before being rescued  Algiers- French established colony of Algeria

Empire Building in Africa cont’d  Arab Merchants and European Missionaries in East Africa *Demand for slaves increased because of plantation agriculture *Arab merchants on Zanzibar and into the interior in quest for slaves and ivory *Slave trade condemned by Christian missionaries (ex. Dr. Livingston main advocate) *Slave trade in East Africa came to an end in 1873  Bantus, Boers, and British in South Africa *British seized control of Cape Colony from the Dutch after the Napoleonic War *Boers “trekked” away from the British and established 2 colonies ( the Transvaal and the Orange Free State) *The Zulus (Bantu natives) fought against the Boers led by Shaka, ended when Shaka was finally overthrown

The Scramble for Africa- mid 1800’s  European rivalries- Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and Portugal  Trade-not the result of trade, more due to balance of power  Missionary factor – efforts to convert, Social Darwinism and the “White Man’s Burden” (benefits of westernization); Christianity, Commerce, and Civilization  Superiority in firearms- Europeans had the advantage  Belgium’s claim on the Congo- King Leopold used missionaries activities as an excuse to claim territories in Congo River basin  Conference of Berlin, 1884-reduced military rivalry, but not colonialism, no African delegate present  Britain and France at Fashoda (small town, Sudan); France backs down, British added to their territory  Cape Colony- discovery of diamonds and gold led to Boer War (British vs. Afrikaners)  British won, in order to please the Afrikaners (only whites could vote)  Bitterness will continue (the British will introduce concentration camps)

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Struggle for South Africa

The Colonial System  Resistance from societies with long traditions of national cohesion  Direct and indirect rule: The imperialist nations had to decide whether they wanted to rule indirectly (through local/native officials or directly, through setting up their own officials b/c locals would not cooperate with them)  Philosophy of colonialism  Darwinism  Survival of the fittest  Agent of civilization  Bring the benefits of the West  Through either Assimilation- transform colonial societies in the Western image  Or through association- collaborating with local elite while leaving local traditions alive

Colonialism in Action  India Under the British Raj  Some territories taken over directly by the East India Company and later the British crown  Others ruled by local maharajas and rajas  Order and stability  Attention to education ; more educational opportunities  Thomas Babington Macaulay - introduced a new school system to train children of elites, British civil system introduced, education expanded for girls  Outlaw sati- widow Indian women could remarry  Introduced railroads, the telegraph, and postal service  British textiles put out of work those in the Indian textile industry  Zamindar system-a new system of collecting taxes, forcing less fortunate peasants to become tenants or lose their land entirely  Failed to bring benefits of modern science and technology  Psychological effects - pride cut deeply for the higher castes

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. India Under British Rule,

Gateway to India?

The Company Resident and His Puppet

Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia  Primary aim was economic- usually through indirect rule  Indirect rule was not always possible  Burma- British abolished Burmese monarchy and rule directly  Malaya-British ruled commercial centers directly, but allowed local Muslim rulers to rule interior of peninsula  All colonial regimes were slow to create democratic institutions  Slow to adopt educational reforms  Reluctant to take up “white man’s burden” in the economic development  Slow economic development  Some manufacturing in urban areas  Problems with growth of cash crops  Problems of population growth  “Modernizing elite”- dedicated to the creation of advanced industrialized society

Colonialism in Africa  British attitude was to preserve African political traditions  Advantages of indirect rule-limit cost and inconvenience  East Africa  White settlers-actively sought self-government and dominion status  Southern Africa  Independent Union of South Africa-established in 1910  Representative government-only European popultaion  France used direct rule  Assimilation of Africans into French culture  Moral and social responsibility  Racial consciousness

The Emergence of Anti- Colonialism  Nationalism  Imperialism brought a consciousness of modern nationhood  Introduction of western ideas of citizenship and representative government  New elite  Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism  Led by existing ruling class  Resistance in India  Peasant revolts  Religious resentment  India -- Sepoy Rebellion

Discussion Questions  What sparked the Scramble for Africa? What did Europeans hope to gain from the colonization of Africa?  What benefits to Indians resulted from British rule of India? What costs balanced those benefits?  Compare and contrast the British and French approach to colonialism.  How did subject peoples respond to colonialism? How did their response change over time?