Dragonflies and Damselflies ODONATA Dragonflies and Damselflies

Forerunners of the Odonata Paleodictyoptera Protodonata

Forerunners of the Odonata Protodonata

Simplified Evolutionary History of the Odonata 300 200 100 Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleodictyoptera Protodonata Epiophlebioptera “Anisozygoptera” Anisoptera Zygoptera

Hexapod Orders Odonata Odon - tooth Number of Species >5000 Common names damselflies, dragonflies, skippers , darners Typical habitats Aquatic nymph, aerial adult Distinguishing characteristics direct flight muscles -wings can’t be folded Other features nymphs with labial mask for prey capture primitive wing venation - archedictyon

Odonata Direct flight muscles • •

Odonata -Evolutionary History Meganeuropsis - Permian

Odonata - Adult modifications Modifications for a predatory life Well-developed mandibles Large eyes

Odonata - Adult modifications Modifications for a predatory life -orientation of thoracic segments -changed orientation of legs -spines on legs

Odonata - larval modifications Modifications for an aquatic predatory life Mouthparts palp submentum mentum prementum Larvae Hunting

Odonata - Classification - OLD -larvae with caudal lamellae -wings held vertically at rest -wings same size Zygoptera (damselflies) Odonata Anisozygoptera -larvae with no caudal lamellae -wings held horizontally at rest -wings different size Anisoptera (dragonflies)

Simplified Evolutionary History of the Odonata 300 200 100 Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleodictyoptera Protodonata Epiophlebioptera “Anisozygoptera” Anisoptera Zygoptera

Odonata - Relationships Zygoptera Odonata Anisozygoptera Anisoptera Zygoptera Odonata Epiophlebioptera Epiprocta Anisoptera

Odonata Zygoptera Epiophlebioptera Epiprocta Anisoptera -larvae with caudal lamellae -wings held vertically at rest -wings same size -wings petiolate Zygoptera Odonata Epiophlebioptera Epiprocta -larvae with no caudal lamellae -wings held horizontally at rest -wings different size Anisoptera

Aquatic nymph, aerial adult Odonata - Suborders Zygoptera Zygo - equal, ptera- wing Anisoptera Aniso - unequal, ptera- wing Number of Species ≈ 2000 ≈ 4000 Common names damselflies dragonflies Typical habitats Aquatic nymph, aerial adult direct flight muscles -wings can’t be folded wings are same size wings held vertically -slender -nymph - 3 caudal gills direct flight muscles -wings can’t be folded - hind wing larger - wings held horizontally -robust -nymph - no caudal gills Distinguishing characteristics nymphs with labial mask for prey capture Primitive wing venation Other features

Odonata - Suborders - Zygoptera Damselflies - distinguishing features 1. Larvae with Caudal Lamellae

Odonata - Suborders - Zygoptera Damselflies - distinguishing features 1. Larvae with caudal lamellae 2. Wings held vertically at rest 17

Odonata - Suborders - Zygoptera Damselflies - distinguishing features 1. Larvae with caudal lamellae 2. Wings held vertically at rest 3. Wings are same size and shape 18

Odonata - Suborders - Zygoptera Damselflies - distinguishing features 1. Larvae with caudal lamellae 2. Wings held vertically at rest 3. Wings are same size and shape 3. Wings are petiolate 19

Zygoptera – other features

Odonata - Suborders - Anisoptera Dragonflies - distinguishing features 1. Larvae with no caudal lamellae 21

Odonata - Suborders - Anisoptera Dragonflies - distinguishing features 1. Larvae with no caudal lamellae 2. Wings held horizontally at rest 22

Odonata - Suborders - Anisoptera Dragonflies - distinguishing features 1. Larvae with no caudal lamellae 2. Wings held horizontally at rest 3. Wings are a different size and shape Anal lobe 23

Odonata - Suborders - Epiophlebioptera Living fossils - share features of Zygoptera and Anisoptera Zygoptera Anisoptera -nymphs - no caudal lamellae -wings are petiolate (-but no jet propulsion) -wings are ≈ 24

Odonata - Suborders - Epiophlebioptera

Odonata - Suborders - Epiophlebioptera

Odonata - General Features Mating

Hagenius brevistylus

Odonata - General Features Mating Penes of male Argia (Odonata) 29

Odonata - General Features Mating Courtship Oviposition Copulation

Odonata - General Features Territory

Odonata - General Features Territory Switzer 2002 32

Odonata - General Features Life Cycle Flies inland to feed and mature Returns to water to set up territory and mate Nymph leaves water and molts Aquatic nymph

Odonata - oviposition Exophytic Endophytic

So far in classfication Ephemeroptera Paleoptera Zygoptera Odonata Epiophlebioptera Anisoptera NEOPTERA

Video on Dragonflies (Ignore the largely stupid, overly dramatic commentary) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezq_JWd1Sd8

? Plecoptera Zoraptera Embiodea Dermaptera Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea Polyneoptera Phasmida Orthoptera Mantodea Isoptera Blattaria Psocoptera Neoptera Phthiraptera Paraneoptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera Neuropterida Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera ? Panorpida Strepsiptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera