Gilbert Arbez Professor, Teaching Associate School of Electrical Engineering and computer science Faculty of Engineering University of Ottawa

2  The role of Engineering ◦ Environmental Engineering  Renewable Energy: solar energy ◦ The sun: a vast source of energy. ◦ Electricity and the solar panel. ◦ Exploring electric circuits with a solar panel. ◦ The photovoltaic system. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

3  Engineering is: ◦ the application of science and mathematics for problem solving and for the creation of products. ◦ A engineered product in general terms, is a system designed to satisfy a particular need and that meets stringent specifications.  In Canada, engineering is a self-regulated profession. ◦ Regulatory bodies, that have a provincial jurisdiction, is responsible for licensing professional engineers. ◦ In Canada, engineering has the same status as medicine and law; they have an ethical responsibility to protect the public. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

4  Engineering practice to improve and protect the natural environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthy environment. ◦ Environmental sustainability. ◦ Public health issues. ◦ Environmental engineering law. ◦ Risk assessment. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

5  Civil Engineering ◦ Water waste management. ◦ Waste disposal. ◦ Studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects. ◦ Recycling.  Chemical Engineering ◦ Air pollution control. ◦ Industrial hygiene.  Mechanical Engineering ◦ Energy conversion (e.g. building heating systems) ◦ Radiation protection (nuclear engineering). ◦ Renewable energies (e.g. wind energy)  Electrical Engineering ◦ Renewable energies (e.g. solar energy) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

6  Engineers interested in the applications of electricity, electronics, photonics and electromagnetism to the design of electrical devices that drive the modern world ◦ Wireless “cell phone” networks and ◦ Internet: optical fiber communications systems ◦ Airplane control electronics (avionics) ◦ Electrical power ◦ Medical equipment School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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9 The Sun  In one year, the planet earth absorbs from the sun almost 4 million exajoules of energy (1 ex = ).  In 2010, human beings on the planet used about 327 exajoules of energy.  Enough energy from the sun falls on the earth in one hour to satisfy one year of the planet’s energy needs.  In one year, the sun’s energy reaching the planet surface it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

10  Solar Thermal Energy ◦ The sun heats the water. ◦ In the 1890s solar water heaters were being used all over the United States.  Solar Thermal Electricity ◦ Concentrate the sun’s rays to change water into steam. ◦ Use the steam to drive turbines to generated electricity.  Solar Cells – Photovoltaic Energy ◦ Convert light to electricity. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

11  How can we run devices using a solar panel? School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

12 Static Electricity  In 600 BC, a Greek mathematician Thales discovered that amber rubbed with animal fur attracted light objects.  The Greek word for amber is elecktra.  During rubbing electrons move from atoms of one object to another, making one positively charged an the other negatively charged. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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15  Each solar panel produces about 1.5 volts of voltage and 120 mA (milliAmps) of current. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

16  A series configuration increases the voltage produced by the solar panel. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

17  A parallel configuration increases the current produced by the solar panel. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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19 The 12 V Solar Panel  Sharp NE-80EJE Module  Contains 36 solar cells (125 mm square) connected in series.  Nominal 12 VDC for battery charging applications.  48 cm (19”) X 120 cm (48”).  12.6 % Efficiency. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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21  Your challenge is to create 3 circuits that run the following 3 devices: ◦ A fan – the motor requires a voltage around 1.5 volts and a current around 100 mA ◦ An incandescent bulb – a traditional bulb that creates light (consumes much energy). ◦ A LED – a source of light qui requires very little current (consumes little energy)  Note that an LED has a positive side and a negative side.  Your Challenge: ◦ Draw a circuit with the solar panel (i.e. the cells) for running each device. ◦ Verify your circuit in the lab. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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24 Residences Bus Shelter Garden Lamp Solar Farm School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

 Three 10 MW projects  FIT (Feed-in-Tariff) Projects supported by the government of Ontario  Aaron Muron, a uOttawa graduate was hired to work on the project this summer. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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27  115 kV Switch  115kV/27kV Transformer  27 kV Switch School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

28 Energy  Batteries store energy.  Energy determines how long a certain power can be maintained. o Watt – Hours (WHr) are units of energy.  Car Batteries: 720 WHr, delivers 3 A at 12 V for 20 hrs.  AA Rechargeable Battery: 2.4 WHr, delivers 0.4 A at 1.2 V for 5 hrs.  Lithium Coin Battery: 0.72 WHr, delivers A at 3 V for 1200 hrs. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

29 Some Solar Powered Devices  All with integrated batteries. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

30 Solar Energy for a Cottage Insolation 1.55 MWhr/m 2 Lat: 50.2 o N (Pinawa) DC Load 155 kWhr AC Load 83 kWhr Solar Array (5 x 235 W panels) 1.18 kW Batteries 24 VDC 5 Strings of 4 batteries (2000 Ah) Inverter 4 kW Traverse Bay, Manitoba Charge Controller 1.6 kW PV 80 Amp Out School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

31  Redesign the DEL circuit: ◦ Add the batteries so that the DEL always remains lit. ◦ Insert an ammeter to see how current enters or leaves the batteries (hint: the ammeter should be connected in series with the battery). Symbols Batteries Ammeter School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

32  Technology will expand and change rapidly throughout your career. ◦ The important thing is to obtain an engineering education that will not simply enable you to blindly use the latest novelties, but to be able to understand in depth the significant developments in modern technology and be prepared to play a role in shaping its future.  Year 1: Foundation in mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering applications, and computing.  Year 2 and 3: More on fundamentals but, engineering content predominates.  Year 4: Engineering content (with options) and capstone project.  Throughout the program: non-engineering courses, such as communication skills, economics, studies of ethical issues, and the impact of technology on society  Compared to other Faculties, our students have to attend many hours of courses and labs, weekly – around 30 hours. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

33  Engineering is a profession which applies science and math for the creation of products to meet society’s needs.  Engineering is practiced in all aspects of life: construction, electricity, renewable energies, biomedical, mechanical, chemical, computing, etc.  An engineering career starts with a good education.  A career in engineering allows you to be creative, to apply your intellect, to meet challenges, and to contribute to society. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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