THE FEUDAL AND MANORIAL SYSTEMS THE GROWTH OF MONARCHIES Chapter 13.3 and 13.4

13.3-The Feudal System Knights did not exist at the beginning of the Middle Ages. There were large armies that fought on foot As the Middle Ages progressed Knights began to emerge, what was responsible for this shift?

13.3- The Feudal System Origins of Feudalism  Invasions from Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims. In the face of these attacks Kings all over Europe found themselves unable to defend their lands and their noblemen's lands  Noblemen had to protect their own lands  Built Castles on hilltops to retreat to when attacked Castles were originally not elaborate but built of wood and were just for protection

13.3- Feudal System Knights and Lords  To defend the castles they needed trained soldiers  The most important soldiers were Knights  Knights need weapons, horses and armor so they demanded payment for their service  They were typically paid in land- fief  Anyone who accepted a fief was called a vassal and the person giving the land was called a lord.  The exchange of land for services is called the feudal system

13.3- The Feudal System Feudal Obligations  Lords and vassal had duties to fulfill to another  Knight to Lord  Knights provided military service, remain loyal and not turn against his lord. This promise was called fealty- or loyal  Knight had to pay for the lord ransoms if captured  Knight also gave his lord money on special occasions  Lord to Knight  Lord could not demand to much time or money from Knight  Lord had to protect the Knight when attacked by enemies  Lord had to act as judge between disputes knights

13.3- The Feudal System A Complicated System  The feudal system in Europe was very complex  A Person could be a lord and a vassal at the same time  Some knights given large lands subsides it and gave fief and gained vassals.. Ect…  One knight could serve many lords  If a Knights two lords went war the knight had choose between the two  Almost every Knight served two lords  They were all suppose to be loyal to the King  Everyone was the Kings vassals  However many nobleman ignored their duties as vassal to the king and the authority of the king faded  The Feudal obligation could change over time and space  The rules between a Knight and Lord in England were different than those in France  Also they would change periodically

13.3- Manorial System Manorial System  The feudal system was essentially a political and social system.  A related system was at the heart of medieval economics. This system was called the manorial system because it was built around large estates called manors

13.3- Manorial System Lord, Peasant, and Serfs  Lords owned the manors and the peasants and serf worked on the land in exchange for protection and plots of land  Most workers were serfs- someone who is tied to the land  Technically not slaves because they could not be sold away from the land  However they were not free to leave the manor or marry without the lords permission  Serfdom was hereditary If your mom or dad was a serf you would be as well, at the same manor  Some free people worked and owned land on a manor  Lord could sell a portion of his land to a free person but they would still own him part of their earns  Skilled workers such a blacksmiths would work for the Lord and live on the land

13.3 The Manorial System A Typical Manor  Lots of farm land  3-field crop system to help preserve the land and yield better crops  2 fields would yield a crop one for spring one for fall and the other would be left empty for a year to improve the soil. This system would rotate  Manor house for the nobles to live in  Castle to retreat too when attacked  Village where the peasants and serfs lived  Lords wanted the manor to be self sufficient  So it included church, mill and a blacksmith

13.3-Daily Life in the Middle Ages Life in a Castle  Castles were in place of manors and were built for defense purposes  Private rooms were very rare because they had to many occupants  Most bedrooms not separate  Waste system traveled in pipes into the moat of river  Hay as toilet paper

13.3- Daily Life in the Middle Ages Life in a Village  Families lived in one or two bedrooms homes they built themselves  Hay roofs for insulation and water protection  Slept on hay beds, little furniture  Woke up early – boys and men work in the fields- girls and women worked with the animals and the home. Everyone worked in the field during harvest time

THE GROWTH OF MONARCHIES 13.4 Notes

13.4- Growth of Monarchies Anglo-Saxons  England was the first country in Europe to develop a strong monarchy under the Anglo-Saxons, who first unified the country  Descendants from the Angles and the Sax that invaded the island in the 400’s  For most of their rule England was separated into 7 small kingdoms each with it’s own law and customs  Late 800’s Vikings invaded a conquered most of the kingdoms  878 Alfred The Great an Anglo-Saxon ruler pushed the Vikings out ruled in England  his descendants unified England and ruled until 1066

13.4- English Monarchy The Norman Conquest  English King died in 1066 without an heir and 2 men claimed the throne, Harold an Anglo-Saxon English nobleman and William, the duke of Normandy in France a distant relative of the dead king  Supported by England Harold was named king  The two fought for the throng  William of Normandy won the battle for the throne and became known as William the Conqueror  Claimed all the land in England as his property  Broke up the land and it to his noblemen  This created a new nobility who were loyal to their king  Had a survey taken of English property to see how much he could tax each land- collected in the Domesday Book  Since William was from France and so were his noblemen French culture began to influence England and would for centuries

13.4 English Monarchies The English in France  Williams descendants not only gained the English throne but also his power and land in Normandy as the duke of Normandy  Williams great-grand son, Henry II also gained his father’s land in France which became part of England  Even more French territory was added to England when Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine  Together they rule all of England and more than half of France

13.4-The English Monarchy Magna Carta  By 1200 the English Monarchy was very powerful and worried the nobles  They feared the King would abuse his power and take power from the nobles  In 1215 King John was at war with France he lost most of the English French holdings and lots of money.  To make up for the money lost he tried to tax the nobility and they refused and took up arms against him  Forced King John to sign the Magna Carta which outlined the noblemen's rights, and restricted the kings power.  King could not tax without the consent of the nobles  King could not arrest some or take their land without proper legal proceedings  Important ideas were set forth in the Magna Carta  Set forth ideas of limiting the government and kings power  Even the king was not above the law  One of the most important historical documents in the formation of modern democracies

13.4- The English Monarchy Parliament  1260 another rebellion broke out against the king  King was always asking to raise taxes and finance wars the nobles did not want to get involved in  To obtain a say in the gov’t nobles started another rebellion  As a peace agreement the king agreed to meet with the nobility, clergy, and middle class to discuss key issues in England  This eventually led into the development of the Parliament which is still a governing body in England  In 1295 King Edward I help define the role of Parliament and allowed representatives from every county  Power to create taxes, advise king on law making and royal policy  This helped create England’s centralized government and reformed it’s system of law  Parliament was still the secondary role to the monarch

13.4- Other European Monarchies France  After Charlemagne the kings of France did not rule much territory.  Noblemen typically owned more land than the king, which gave them more power than the.  Even England ruled parts of France.  They all ignored the wishes of the King  In 900 Capetians a noble family took control of France and expanded the rule of the monarchy in France  They fought nobleman for land and power  Made alliances with powerful nobleman  Arranged marriages with powerful nobleman  By 1300 the Capetians ruled most of modern France

13.4- Other European Monarchies Holy Roman Empire  After Charlemagne died the Empire spilt  The west became France  The east became Germany  France remained under one king for the most part  Germany was spilt up into many small states and ruled by their own Duke  936 Duke of Saxony, Otto the Great had enough support from nobles and became the King of Germany and he united most of Germany and conquered Northern Italy  In 962 Nobleman challenged Pope John XII Power  He called on Otto the Great for help  After his victory the pope named Otto the Great the emperor of Rome  Otto’s territories became known as the Holy Roman Empire  Holy because of the pope  Roman because Charlemagne once ruled those territories  Eventually the lands under Otto’s power became known as the Holy Roman Empire  It was called holy because the empire had the pope’s support  It was called Roman because Charlemagne once ruled over the area and held the title of Roman emperor  Holy Roman Emperors made the decisions and passed laws but with the help of the dukes  Dukes maintained full authority over their lands  By 1100’s the position of Emperor was not inherited  Had to be selected by the Dukes  Then had to travel to Rome to be crowned by the Pope

13.4- Other European Monarchies Spain and Portugal  Many years Muslims (moors) were in control of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)  Moors built a very powerful city in Cordoba  A few Christian ruled a small kingdom in the northern part of the peninsula  In the 1000’s a Once civil war broke out among the Moors  Christians waited until they were weakened to retake the Iberian Peninsula.  These campaigns were called the Reconquista  Christians in the Iberian peninsula gained the advantage with help form other surrounding Christian kingdoms  In 1100’s the Portuguese pushed the moors out and est the Kingdom of Portugal.  In the 1230’s the Christians pushed the Moors out of Spain  Other than a small holding in Northern Spain  The Moors were not completely driven out of the Peninsula until 1492  In the late 1400’s a royal marriage between the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castile combined the two and became the most powerful country in Europe… Spain