CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY CHAPTER 5

CARDIOVASCULAR Means pertaining to the heart and blood vessels Means pertaining to the heart and blood vessels Cardi/o – heart Cardi/o – heart Vascul/o – blood vessels Vascul/o – blood vessels -ar – pertaining to -ar – pertaining to These structures work together to provide efficient pumping system to supply all body tissues with oxygen, nutrients and transport away cellular waste products These structures work together to provide efficient pumping system to supply all body tissues with oxygen, nutrients and transport away cellular waste products

Major Structures The Heart The Heart The Blood Vessels The Blood Vessels The Blood The Blood

The Pericardium and Walls of Heart Pericardium – double walled membranous sac that enclosed the heart Pericardium – double walled membranous sac that enclosed the heart Pericardial Fluid – between the layers to lubricate and prevent friction Pericardial Fluid – between the layers to lubricate and prevent friction Epicardium-external layer heart/inner layer pericardium Epicardium-external layer heart/inner layer pericardium Myocardium-thickest layer, muscle Myocardium-thickest layer, muscle Endocardium-inner lining/touches blood Endocardium-inner lining/touches blood

Coronary Arteries The heart supplies itself with blood before the rest of body through the coronary artery system that arises from the base of the aorta. A blockage in one of these arteries leads to a myocardial infarction – “heart attack” A blockage in one of these arteries leads to a myocardial infarction – “heart attack”

Electrical Waves P wave P wave QRS QRS complex complex T wave

Heart Sounds Lubb sound – closing of tricuspid and mitral valves Lubb sound – closing of tricuspid and mitral valves Dubb sound – closing of semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries as blood is pumped out of heart Dubb sound – closing of semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries as blood is pumped out of heart

Blood Vessels Lumen – opening within vessels through which blood flows Lumen – opening within vessels through which blood flows Three types Three types Arteries Arteries Veins Veins Capillaries Capillaries

Arteries Carry blood away from heart to all parts of body. High pressure system with smooth muscle in walls of artery.

Veins Low pressure collection vessels that return de- oxygenated, waste filled blood back to heart. Have one way valves to shunt blood flow toward heart. Need surrounding muscle action in legs to aid in venous return.

Capillaries Anatomic units that connect arterial and venous systems Anatomic units that connect arterial and venous systems Only one cell thickness, smallest vessels in body Only one cell thickness, smallest vessels in body Slow flow allows time for exchange of nutrients, oxygen, waste materials between tissue fluids and surrounding cells Slow flow allows time for exchange of nutrients, oxygen, waste materials between tissue fluids and surrounding cells

Pulse and Blood Pressure Pulse – rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by the pressure of the blood moving through the arteries Pulse – rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by the pressure of the blood moving through the arteries Blood Pressure – measurement of amount of pressure against walls of arteries Blood Pressure – measurement of amount of pressure against walls of arteries Systolic – during ventricular contraction, highest Systolic – during ventricular contraction, highest Diastolic – during ventricular relaxation, lowest Diastolic – during ventricular relaxation, lowest Recorded as systolic over diastolic Recorded as systolic over diastolic

Blood 55% liquid plasma 55% liquid plasma 45% formed elements such as 45% formed elements such as Red blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells White blood cells Platelets Platelets

Blood Components PLASMA PLASMA Straw colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones and waste products. 91% water, 9% proteins such as clotting proteins. Straw colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones and waste products. 91% water, 9% proteins such as clotting proteins. Fibrinogen and prothrombin are clotting proteins found in plasma Fibrinogen and prothrombin are clotting proteins found in plasma Serum is plasma with clotting proteins removed Serum is plasma with clotting proteins removed

Blood Components Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Produced by red bone marrow Produced by red bone marrow Hemoglobin is the iron-containing pigment of the erythrocyte and transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues of body Hemoglobin is the iron-containing pigment of the erythrocyte and transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues of body

Blood Components Leukocytes – white blood cells Leukocytes – white blood cells Protect the body from harmful invaders such as bacteria Protect the body from harmful invaders such as bacteria Types include: Types include: Neutrophils Neutrophils Basophils Basophils Eosinophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Monocytes

Blood Components Thrombocytes – also known as platelets Thrombocytes – also known as platelets Smallest formed element of the blood Smallest formed element of the blood Important role in clotting of blood – once activated become sticky and form a clot. Important role in clotting of blood – once activated become sticky and form a clot.

Blood Components

Blood Types Four major types Four major types A AB AB B O Based on presence of A or B antigens on RBC’s. In O, both antigens are absent. Based on presence of A or B antigens on RBC’s. In O, both antigens are absent. O universal donor AB universal recipient O universal donor AB universal recipient

Blood Type Donate To: Receive From: A A, AB A, O B B, AB B, O ABAB A, B, AB, O O O

Rh Factor In addition to antigens A, B – RBC’s also can contain Rh antigen In addition to antigens A, B – RBC’s also can contain Rh antigen 85% Americans Rh positive (have antigen) 85% Americans Rh positive (have antigen) 15% Rh negative (do not have antigen) 15% Rh negative (do not have antigen) Must be considered in cross matching blood and important with pregnancy Must be considered in cross matching blood and important with pregnancy

Specialists Cardiologist – specializes in diagnosing & treating disorders and diseases of the heart Cardiologist – specializes in diagnosing & treating disorders and diseases of the heart Hematologist – specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissue Hematologist – specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissue

Normal Heart

Coronary Artery Disease – USA’s leading cause of death Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries can cause angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and sudden death Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries can cause angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and sudden death Atherosclerosis – hardening and narrowing of arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol plaques Atherosclerosis – hardening and narrowing of arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol plaques Ischemia – deficiency of blood supply due to either the constriction or narrowing of a blood vessel Ischemia – deficiency of blood supply due to either the constriction or narrowing of a blood vessel Angina pectoris – severe chest pain usually caused by lack of oxygen supply to the heart Angina pectoris – severe chest pain usually caused by lack of oxygen supply to the heart

Coronary Artery Disease

Normal Coronary Artery

Narrowing of lumen in coronary artery

Myocardial Infarction Also known as a heart attack or MI. Due to closing off of a coronary artery and resulting in an infarction of the myocardium Also known as a heart attack or MI. Due to closing off of a coronary artery and resulting in an infarction of the myocardium Infarction – localized area of tissue necrosis due to lack of blood supply. Infarction – localized area of tissue necrosis due to lack of blood supply.

PTCA

CABG – coronary artery bypass grafting Placing artery or vein grafts around blockages in coronary arteries.

Coronary Artery Bypass CABG

Stroke Aneurysm Heart attack Hypertension Vascular disease More complications from Atherosclerosis:

Congestive Heart Failure Syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs for oxygen and nutrients. Syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs for oxygen and nutrients. In response to the reduced blood flow, the kidneys retain more fluid within the body and fluid accumulates in legs, ankles and lungs. In response to the reduced blood flow, the kidneys retain more fluid within the body and fluid accumulates in legs, ankles and lungs. Edema is the term for this fluid accumulation. When the fluid collects in the lungs, it is called Pulmonary Edema. Edema is the term for this fluid accumulation. When the fluid collects in the lungs, it is called Pulmonary Edema. Diuretics are drugs to eliminate excess fluid volume such as Lasix. Diuretics are drugs to eliminate excess fluid volume such as Lasix.

Cardiomegaly and Cardiomyopathy - heart is flaccid and enlarged

Heart Valves Mitral Valve Prolapse – abnormal protrusion of mitral valve that results in incomplete closure Mitral Valve Prolapse – abnormal protrusion of mitral valve that results in incomplete closure Heart murmur – sound caused by blood back flowing through a heart valve that does not close properly. Back flow also called regurgitation Heart murmur – sound caused by blood back flowing through a heart valve that does not close properly. Back flow also called regurgitation

Acute Bacterial Endocarditis (destroying aortic valve)-inflammation of inner layer of heart

Cardiac Arrthymias or Dysrhythmias Bradycardia – slow heart beat less than 60 beats/minute Bradycardia – slow heart beat less than 60 beats/minute Tachycardia – fast heart beat greater than 100 beats/minute. Paroxysmal tachycardia means sudden onset fast heartbeat Tachycardia – fast heart beat greater than 100 beats/minute. Paroxysmal tachycardia means sudden onset fast heartbeat Normal heart rhythm is called Sinus Rhythm rate of bpm. Normal heart rhythm is called Sinus Rhythm rate of bpm.

Fibrillation Irregular and ineffective contractions of the heart Irregular and ineffective contractions of the heart Atrial Fibrillation (A Fib) – atria are beating in a rapid, unorganized fashion causing them to quiver and be ineffective in pumping blood. May or may not have a rapid heart rate Atrial Fibrillation (A Fib) – atria are beating in a rapid, unorganized fashion causing them to quiver and be ineffective in pumping blood. May or may not have a rapid heart rate Ventricular Fibrillation (V Fib) – rapid, quivering of ventricles. FATAL unless defibrillated Ventricular Fibrillation (V Fib) – rapid, quivering of ventricles. FATAL unless defibrillated

A Fib

V Fib V Fib Fine V-Fib

Hypertension Consistently elevated blood pressure Consistently elevated blood pressure Systolic higher than 140 Systolic higher than 140 Diastolic higher than 90 Diastolic higher than 90 Can be essential – unknown origin Can be essential – unknown origin Can be secondary – related to other medical problems Can be secondary – related to other medical problems Can be malignant – sudden onset of life- threateningly high BP Can be malignant – sudden onset of life- threateningly high BP

Cholesterol Substance that consists of fatty substances called lipids that circulate in blood and at normal levels are essential for good health. Becomes dangerous when these are elevated above normal Substance that consists of fatty substances called lipids that circulate in blood and at normal levels are essential for good health. Becomes dangerous when these are elevated above normal LDL – low density lipoprotein “bad” cholesterol that causes buildup in arteries LDL – low density lipoprotein “bad” cholesterol that causes buildup in arteries HDL – high density lipoprotein “good” cholesterol that carries unused cholesterol back to liver & prevents buildup HDL – high density lipoprotein “good” cholesterol that carries unused cholesterol back to liver & prevents buildup Triglycerides –fatty acids Triglycerides –fatty acids

Arteries Arteriosclerosis – hardening of the arteries that reduces flow of blood through these vessels Arteriosclerosis – hardening of the arteries that reduces flow of blood through these vessels

Aneurysm – localized weak spot or enlargement of the wall of an artery Abdominal Aorta

Aortic Aneurysm of Abdomen

Veins Phlebitis – inflammation of a vein Phlebitis – inflammation of a vein

Varicose Veins Abnormally swollen Abnormally swollen Veins usually in legs. One way valves no Longer function Properly allowing blood To back flow & pool.

Thrombus and DVT Blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery Blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery When located in a deep vein is called a DVT or deep vein thrombosis When located in a deep vein is called a DVT or deep vein thrombosis

DVT-Deep Vein Thrombosis Femoral Vein

Opened coronary artery demonstrates arterial thrombosis Note dark red color: (consistent with myocardial infarction)

Embolus Foreign object such as blood clot, bit of tissue, tumor or plaque or quantity of air or gas that is circulating in the blood stream – when Foreign object such as blood clot, bit of tissue, tumor or plaque or quantity of air or gas that is circulating in the blood stream – when embolus causes blockage of vessel called embolism embolus causes blockage of vessel called embolism

Diagnostic Procedures of Cardiovascular System Pulse Oximeter – external monitor placed on patient’s finger to measure amount of oxygenated blood in circulation – normally 96 to 100% of blood circulating is oxygenated Pulse Oximeter – external monitor placed on patient’s finger to measure amount of oxygenated blood in circulation – normally 96 to 100% of blood circulating is oxygenated

Diagnostic Procedures of Cardiovascular System Angiography – radiographic (x-ray) study of blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium – the resulting film is called an angiogram. Angiography – radiographic (x-ray) study of blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium – the resulting film is called an angiogram.

Cardiac Catheterization

Electrocardiogram or EKG/ECG Recording of the electrical activity heart. Recording of the electrical activity heart. A Holter monitor A Holter monitor Is a portable EKG Worn for 24 hrs

Stress Test EKG measurement of cardiovascular function during and after stress such as exercise on treadmill

Echocardiography Ultrasound to evaluate the motion Ultrasound to evaluate the motion and structures of the heart – when a probe is placed in the esophagus to perform this test it is called a trans-esophageal echocardiography is placed in the esophagus to perform this test it is called a trans-esophageal echocardiography

Pacemaker

Normal sinus rhythm QRS is regular P wave is regular Beat is between

A- FIB NO P WAVES QRS IS NOT REGULAR

Asystole

V-TACH Go to you tube video

V Fib V Fib Fine V-Fib