MATTER IS MADE OF ATOMS. INTRODUCTION TO MATTER

Atoms An ___________is the smallest basic unit of ________________. ◦ Atoms are too small to be seen, but we can see large collections of atoms, such as people. ◦ Atoms are so small that they cannot even be seen with a strong optical microscope.

Molecules When two or more atoms ______together, they make a particle called a _______________. A molecule can be made of __________numbers and types of atoms. A molecule is the smallest amount of a __________made of combined atoms that is considered to be that substance.

Atoms are always in motion. Regardless of the state of matter, atoms are always ____________. Atoms move the most freely in the _________state and the least freely in the _________state.

Atoms in the Solid State Atoms are very close together and vibrating off each other

Atoms in the liquid state are free flowing

Atoms in the Gaseous State are fast moving

MATTER COMBINES TO FORM DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES. INTRODUCTION TO MATTER

Matter can be pure or mixed. Most of the substances around you are ______________. ◦ Examples: paper, lemonade A ________substance has only one type of component. A substance is considered pure if it contains only _______type of atom or single combination of atoms.

Matter makes up substances. ______________ are mixtures of a particular type. Elements, compounds, and mixtures are all substances.

Elements An ___________is a substance that contains only a singe type of ________. The __________of atoms does not matter as long as they are all the same type. Elements ___________be separated into other substances. ◦ Examples: gold, silver, helium, oxygen

Compounds A _______________is a substance that consists of two or more different types of atoms ___________together. ◦ Example: Table salt is a compound because it is made of sodium and chlorine.

Mixtures A __________is a combination of different substances that remain the same individual substances and can be separated by ____________means. ◦ Example: A bowl of apples, oranges, and bananas can be separated by physically removing them from the bowl. Pictures from Chem 4 kids

Comparing Mixtures and Compounds Mixtures Compounds

Parts of a Mixture Homogenous Mixtures – when substances are _______spread throughout a mixture. ◦ Examples: mixing sugar into a cup of water, homogenized milk Heterogeneous Mixtures – when substances are _______evenly spread throughout a mixture ◦ Examples: soil, salsa

Homogeneous Mixture “ Homo ” means the same has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout; maintain one phase (solid, liquid, gas) Commonly referred to as solutions Example: Salt Water Notice the uniform appearance

Solution a mixture of two or more substances that is identical throughout can be physically separated composed of solutes and solvents the substance in the smallest amount and the one that dissolves in the solvent the substance in the larger amount that dissolves the solute Colloids (milk, fog, jello) are considered solutions Iced Tea Mix (solute) Water (solvent) Iced Tea (solution) Salt water is considered a solution. How can it be physically separated?

Heterogeneous Mixture “ Hetero ” means different consists of visibly different substances or phases (solid, liquid, gas) a suspension is a special type of heterogeneous mixture of larger particles that eventually settle Example: Trail Mix Notice the visibly different substances

Suspensions Properties Suspensions separate into layers over time Particles are larger than those in a solutions Examples: Sand in water, muddy water, salad

Homogenous or Heterogeneous?

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Copper

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Copper

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Rocks

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Rocks

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Jelly Beans

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Jelly Beans

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Table Sugar

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Table Sugar

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Diamond

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Diamond

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Tea

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Tea

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Salt

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Salt

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Neon Gas

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Neon Gas

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Salad

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Salad

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Pure Water

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Pure Water

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Aluminum

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Aluminum

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Lemonade

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Lemonade

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Silver

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Silver

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Sand

Element, Compound, or Mixture? Sand

MATTER EXISTS IN DIFFERENT PHYSICAL STATES. INTRODUCTION OF MATTER

Particle arrangement and motion determine the state of matter. States of matter are the different ___________ in which matter can exist. The familiar states are ________, __________, and _________. When a substance changes from one form to another, the ________________ of the molecules change.

Solid, liquid, and gas are common states of matter. A _______________is a substance that has a definite volume and a definite shape. The particles are __________together and can __________against each other while still in the same place. Image from:

A _____________has a definite volume, but does not have a definite shape. The particles are attracted to one another and are close together. They are not fixed in place and can move from one place to another. Image from:

A __________has no definite volume or shape. A gas can take on both the shape and the volume of a container. Gas particles are not close together and can move easily in any direction. Image from:

The speed at which gas molecules move depends on the temperature of the gas. _____________is a measure of the average amount of kinetic energy(mass and speed) of the particles in an object.

Gas Behavior Gas molecules move __________at higher temperatures. The _________, __________, and _________________of a gas are related to one another, and changing on can change the others.

Two laws govern gases. ____________ law states that for a fixed amount of a gas kept at a constant temperature, pressure and volume are indirectly related. (One increases, the other decreases). ____________ law states for a fixed amount of a gas kept at a constant pressure, temperature and volume are directly related. (One increases, the other increases).

Use these words to fill-in the next page. Definite shape Definite volume Atoms Matter Particles move quickly Particles close together No definite volume No definite shape Particles slide past each other We will use these words later-- ◦ Sublimation ◦ Boiling ◦ Freezing ◦ Condensation ◦ Melting ◦ Evaporation

MATTER HAS OBSERVABLE PROPERTIES Properties of Matter

Matter has observable properties. The characteristics of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance are called _________________properties. Examples: color, shape, size, texture, volume, and mass

Physical Changes A _________change is a change in any physical _____________of a substance. Example: stretching a rubber band

Chemical Properties and Changes ________________properties describe how substances can form ______substances. A chemical change is the change of one substance into ____________substance.

Examples of chemical changes: Burning wood, tarnished copper, dropping an antacid into water, rusted iron

Signs of a Chemical Change Production of an _________– a rotting egg produces the smell of sulfur Change in _______________– burning wood increases temperature Change in ____________– fruit may change color when it ripens Formation of _________– an antacid that comes in contact with water starts to bubble. Formation of a ________– shells of clams and mussels are precipitates

Put a GREEN circle around the physical changes and a RED box around the chemical changes.

PROPERTIES ARE USED TO IDENTIFY SUBSTANCES. PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Substances have characteristic properties. We can identify __________ substances by comparing their physical properties with the physical properties of known substances. Texture, shape, and color are all physical properties that you use all of the time to ____________and sort objects.

Properties Used for Identifying Substances ______________can be used to identify substances. ◦ Example: You could see a difference between a kilogram of liquid soap and a kilogram of honey by measuring their densities.

___________is a measure of how much of a substance dissolves in a given volume of liquid. Solubility can be used to identify substances.

Some substances ____________ electricity better than others. ◦ This is why conductivity can be used to identify a substance.

Some substances are attracted to __________, so we can use magnets to identify substances.

CHANGES OF STATE ARE PHYSICAL CHANGES. PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Matter can change from one state to another. When matter changes from one state to another, the substance itself does not change. Changing state is a ________change.

Melting ________________is a process by which a solid becomes a liquid. The ______________temperature at which a substance begins to melt is called its melting point.

Freezing ___________is the process by which a liquid becomes a solid. The temperature at which a specific liquid becomes a solid is called the freezing _________.

Evaporation __________is a process by which a liquid becomes a gas.

Sublimation __________is a process in which a solid turns directly into a gas without becoming a liquid first. Example: Dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide.

Boiling ___________is a process by which a liquid becomes a gas. Boiling occurs when a _________reaches a certain temperature called the boiling point.

Condensation The process by which a gas changes its state to become a liquid is called ______________.

Phase Graph

Use these words to fill-in the next page. Definite shape Definite volume Atoms Matter Particles move quickly Particles close together No definite volume No definite shape Particles slide past each other ◦ Sublimation ◦ Boiling ◦ Freezing ◦ Condensation ◦ Melting ◦ Evaporation

Types of solutions Hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions

Osmosis: Diffusion of Water Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In a cell, water always moves to reach an equal concentration on both sides of the membrane.

Osmosis: Diffusion of Water The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. Regulating the water flow through the plasma membrane is an important factor in maintaining homeostasis within a cell.

Osmosis: Diffusion of Water Most cells whether in multicellular (many cells) or unicellular (only one cell) organisms, survive by osmosis because they are surrounded by water solutions.

Cells in an isotonic solution isotonic solution- (= concentrations) the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell.

Cells in an isotonic solution Molecules move into and out of the cell at the same rate, and cells retain their normal shape.

Cells in a hypotonic solution hypotonic solution: dilute solution thus low solute concentration In a hypotonic solution, water enters a cell by osmosis, causing the cell to swell. H2OH2O H2OH2O

Cells in a hypertonic solution hypertonic solution: concentrated solution, thus a high solute concentration In a hypertonic solution, water leaves a cell by osmosis, causing the cell to shrink H2OH2O H2OH2O Water Molecule Dissolved Molecule