The shell system The skeleton-&-skin system Architecture The shell system The skeleton-&-skin system

In the shell system one building material provides both structural support and sheathing (outside covering). Ex. Brick, stone, the log cabin. The skeleton and skin system is comparable to the human body which has a rigid bony skeleton to support its basic frame and a more fragile skin as sheathing. Ex. Sky scrapers have steel frames (skeletons) supporting the structure and a sheathing of glass or some others light weight material. “Tensile strength, is the ability of a material to span horizontal distances with minimum support from underneath.”

The Great Friday Mosque, Djenne, Mali, 13th century adobe Load bearing construction “stacking and piling”

Post-and-Lintel construction

Post-and-lintel construction Temple of Amon-Mut-Khonsu, Luxor

Greek Orders -The Doric style capital has a plain stone slab above a rounded stone. - The Ionic style capital has two spirals known as volutes -The Corinthian style capital stylized bouquet of acanthus leaves.

Entablature

Byodo-in Temple, Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan c.1053 post and lintel

Bracket Set Stepped truss roof system

ROUND ARCH AND VAULT ROUND ARCH AND VAULT The round arch was used by the ancient people Mesopotamia but was fully developed by the Romans, who perfected the form in the 2nd century B.C.E. The advantages to the arch besides being an attractive form are; it allowed the architect to open up fairly large spaces in a wall without risk, admitted light, reduced the weight of the wall and reduced the amount of material needed. The Romans utilized a perfect semicircle arch. It is constructed from wedge-shaped pieces of stone that meet at an angle always perpendicular to the curve of the arch. The arch is stable only when it is complete, when the topmost stone, the keystone, has been set. When the arch is extended in depth ---placing many arches flush behind the other it is called a barrel vault. Groin Vaults- a groin vault results when two barrel vaults are crossed at right angles to each other, directing the weights and stresses to the four corners.

Round Arch

Pont du gard, Nimes, France. Early 1st century c.e. Length 902’

When the arch is extended in depth ---placing many arches flush behind the other it is called a barrel vault.

Church of Sainte-Foy, Conques, France. C Church of Sainte-Foy, Conques, France. C. 1050-1120 Romanesques style the use of barrel vaults as a result of round arches.

Groin Vaults Groin Vaults- a groin vault results when two barrel vaults are crossed at right angles to each other, directing the weights and stresses to the four corners

Pointed arch and vault

The pointed arch The pointed arch offers many advantages as compared to round arch. Because the sides arch up to a point, weight is channeled down to the ground at a steeper angle as a result the arch can be taller, allowing for more windows and light. The reinforcements are called ribs. Gothic builders reinforced theirs walls from the outside with supports called buttresses, piers, and flying buttresses

Nave, Reims Cathedral France. 1211-c. 1290. Height 125’

Chartres Cathedral, by unknown, at Chartres, France, 1194 to 1260

Architecture II Dome Corbelled Arch & Dome Cast-Iron Construction Balloon-Frame Construction Steel-Frame Construction Suspension Reinforced Concrete Geodesic Domes Purposes of Architecture

Dome A dome is an architectural structure generally in the shape of a hemisphere or half globe. Another definition of the dome is an arch rotated 360 degrees on its axis. The stresses in a dome are like those of the arch, except they are spread in a circle around the dome’s perimeter. Unless the dome is buttressed – supported from the outside – from all sides, there is a chance it could “explode,” for the stones to pop outward in all directions, causing

The Pantheon (which means a temple dedicated to all the gods The Pantheon (which means a temple dedicated to all the gods. Pantheon, Rome. 118-125 c.e.

Hagia Sophia (the Church of the Holy Wisdom) constructed over five years (532-537)

Pendentives

Taj Mahal built in the mid-17th century, Muslim India emperor Shah Jehan as a tomb for his wife, ,Arijummand Banu

Corbell Arch and Dome Islamic architects used a technique called corbelling to create arch and dome like forms. In a corbelled arch, each row of stones extends slightly beyond the one below, until eventually the opening is bridged.

CAST IRON CONSTRUCTION Joseph Paxton, a designer of greenhouses, “Works of the Industry of All Nations” built The Crystal Palace made of cast iron and sheathed in glass. The structure covered more than 17 acres, reached a height of 108 feet and built in sixteen weeks due in large part to prefabrication. Gustave Eiffel, a French engineer, propose to build in the center of Paris a skeleton iron tower, a thousand feet tall, to act as a centerpiece for the Paris World’s Fair of 1889.

Cast-Iron Construction The Crystal Palace

Eiffel Tower, Paris, 1887-89 (W,G: 1889) (Eiffel, Gustave)

BALLON –FRAME CONSTRUCTION This is a technique for building homes. In 1833, in Chicago, the technique of balloon-frame construction was introduced. Balloon-frame construction is a skeleton-and -skin method that developed from two innovations: improved methods of milling lumber and massed-produced nails.

Steel Frame Construction The development of skyscrapers required two innovations: the elevator and steel -frame construction.

Louis Sullivan designed and built between 1890-91 Wainwright Building

Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Ownings, and Merrill Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Ownings, and Merrill. Lever House, New York. 1952 International (European) Style Architecture emphasized clean lines, geometric (usually rectilinear) form and an avoided the use of superficial decoration.

SUSPENSION Suspension is the structural method associated with bridges. The concept of suspension was developed for bridges in the 19th century. In essence, the weight of the structure is suspended from steel cables supported on vertical pylons, driven into the ground.

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco. 1937

REINFORCED CONCRETE In the 19th century a method was developed for reinforcing concrete forms by imbedding iron rods inside the concrete before it hardened. The iron contributes tensile strength, while the concrete provides shape and surface. In the 20th century reinforced concrete, also known as ferroconcrete, is used in a variety of structures

Joern Utzon. Sidney Opera House, Austria. 1959-72

GEODESIC DOMES American architectural engineer R. Buckminster Fuller developed the geodesic dome. Fuller’s dome is basically a bubble, formed by a system of metal rods arranged in triangles and organized into tetrahedrons. (A tetrahedron is a three-dimensional geometric figure with four faces. The metal framework can be covered in any of the several lightweight materials, including wood, glass, and plastic

PURPOSES OF ARCHITECTURE Nearly every structure is designed to serve a specific function and is evaluated on how well it fulfills its purpose

Two Houses of Worship French architect Charles-Edouard designed Notre-Dame-du-Haut (Our Lady of the high place) at Ronchamp, in France Jeanneret, is known as Le Corbusier. Arkansas native Fay Jones designed a nondenominational chapel in Eureka Springs, Arkansas called Thorncrown.

Notre-Dame-du-Haut

Fay Jones Thorncrown.

Two Museums John Russell Pope, a master of the neoclassical style, designed the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. It was Built between 1937 and 1941 as a gift to the nation from the banker industrialist Andrew Mellon. I.M. Pei designed the East Building addition to the National Gallery. Architect Frank Gentry designed the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain in 1997.

John Russell Pope National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

I.M. Pei East Building addition to the National Gallery

Architect Frank Gentry designed the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain in 1997. Gentry used organic forms that suggest a metal flower unfolding as the idea for museum.

Architect Frank Gehry designed the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain in 1997. Gentry used organic forms that suggest a metal flower unfolding as the idea for museum.

Zaha Hadid, Lois & Richard Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art, Cincinnati, view from the southeast, 2003.

Three Office Building The Chrysler Building in New York used the Art Dec style in 1930 was designed by William Van Alen. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson designed the Seagram building, New York in 1958. Arata Isozaki & Associates designed the Team Disney Building, Orlando, Florida. It was completed 1991.

The Chrysler Building in New York Chrysler Building, New York, NY, 1930 (W:1928-30) (William Van Alen) Art Deco style

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson designed the Seagram building, New York in 1958

Team Disney Building, Orlando, Florida. It was completed 1991

Team Disney Building, Orlando, Florida. It was completed 1991

Dwellings Moshe Safdie designed an experimental apartment duplex called Habitat for the Expo 67, the Montreal World’s fair. The complex consists of 354 prefabricated concrete boxes, stacked on top of another to form 158 apartments. Frank Lloyd Wright’s approach to homes was characterized by two related principles: first a house should blend with its environment; second, the exterior and interior of a house should be visually and physically integrated. These principles comprised Wright’s theory of “organic architecture”. The Kaufmann House in Bear run, Pennsylvania known as “Falling water” is considered to be his masterpiece.

Moshe Safdie designed an experimental apartment duplex called Habitat for the Expo 67

Frank Lloyd Wright’s The Kaufmann House in Bear run, Pennsylvania known as “Falling water” A cantilever is a horizontal form supported at one end and jutting out into space at the other.

The Rural Studio Samuel Mockbee and Professor D. K. Ruth established the Rural Studio in 1993. The Studio allows students the opportunity to design and build homes for poor African-American families in Hale County, Alabama.

Bryant House, Mason’s Bend, Alabama. 1994

RECENT DIRECTIONS: GREEN ARCHITECTURE Maya Lin, Langston Hughes Library, Haley Farm, Clinton, Tennessee

Fox & Fowle Architects. The Conde Nast Building at Four Times Square, New York, 1999

Renzo Piano. Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center, Noumea, New Caledonia

Shigeru Ban. Japan Pavilion, Hanover Expo, Hanover, Germany, 2000

rolling grid of paper tubes covered by a paper membrane.