Welcome to College Composition 1 - CM 107 Unit 4: Seminar with Melissa Laudani Wednesday, April 11, 2012  Feel free to chat and get acquainted until the top of the hour. This session is held 9:00-10:00 PM (EST). Once the seminar starts, please keep all comments relevant to the class topic.

Review: The Heroic Writer’s Journey  Thesis?  Types of Paragraphs?  Academic Writing?  ?s

Unit 4 Seminar: APA, Paraphrasing, and Quoting This week we will discuss APA, why we use it, and how to use it correctly.

What is APA style? A standard, agreed upon way of formatting an academic paper and documenting sources. An expectation of academic writers and of professionals in certain fields. A loyal friend who will make you look good and sound even more intelligent A somewhat boring, but not impossible task that you can learn by copying

What is the purpose of using and documenting sources? Sources are the ways writers obtain additional information for their papers. Sources may be primary: The writer becomes the researcher (e.g., observations, interviews, surveys, personal experience) The writer uses ‘raw data’ (e.g., the U.S. Census) that hasn’t been interpreted by others Sources may be secondary: Scholarly books, peer-reviewed articles, etc. Sources are part of the ongoing dialog within a field of study that will include you. Why document sources? Credit should be given for our work. ‘Intellectual property’ must not be stolen. Writers will be more credible in the view of their audience. [We want that in an academic or job-related context when faculty, supervisors, clients, etc. are evaluating our work, right?]

What’s in it for me? An opinion can’t be wrong, right? Doesn’t my professor/boss/co- worker/client, etc. want to hear what I think? Who’s going to care if I have the citations and references included? Isn’t this just another one of those “English teacher” things? I’m tempted to just not do it. I can’t get marked down outside of a Composition class, right?

What is plagiarism? What is plagiarism and how can it be avoided? Styles of citation- APA, MLA, ASA, AMA. We typically use APA at Kaplan University. Using a good reference for citation.

How are sources integrated into the paper? Introduce the source to your audience with an attributive tag the first time it is used: According to Melissa Laudani (2011, September 17), Kaplan University faculty member, students love writing and look forward to the weekly CM 107 audio seminars. Use a mixture of paraphrases, summaries, and direct quotations. Use quotations sparingly and be sure to indicate them with “quotation marks” and page/paragraph numbers. Be sure to make it a smooth transition into and out of the source information.

Begin with the References page:

Use the References page to form the in-text citations: In-text citations always use what comes first on the References page entries This is always a name or the first 2-3 words of a title Add the copyright date and page/paragraph number if it is a direct quotation In-text citations are never URLs Make sure that all in-text citations have a complete listing on the References page; make sure that all References page listings have in-text citations Never cite yourself; you’re the author

Why is citation required in two places? Citation is required in two places– as in-text citation and references page citation. Some of the basics of in-text citation. What we need to include for references page citation. Let us get some citation practice.

Paraphrasing, summarizing, and direct quotation? What are paraphrasing and summarizing and why are they necessary? What is the correct way to paraphrase and summarize? Why should we use more paraphrasing and summarizing than direct quotes in our papers? When should we use direct quotation? How much of our paper should be directly quoted? Let us get some practice paraphrasing.

Lecture: APA To Paraphrase: Change the form - different words in a different order without changing the meaning. Avoid all the words, except for names, places, or necessary technical terms. Cite with both parenthetical (in-text) and on the References page. Try to include the author’s name (and relevant information) in the sentence.

Lecture: APA Original: Polls confirm that these World War II-era children have aged into the most war- and casualty-averse Americans, the most ardent supporters of he UN, and the biggest advocates of committee-scripted process (Strauss, 1999). Bad Paraphrase: Statistics demonstrate that these World War II-era children have matured into the most battle- and victim-averse American citizens, the most enthusiastic defenders of the United Nations, and the largest supporters of the bureaucratic process (Strauss, 1999).

Lecture: APA  Original: Polls confirm that these World War II-era children have aged into the most war- and casualty-averse Americans, the most ardent supporters of he UN, and the biggest advocates of committee-scripted process (Strauss, 1999).  Good Paraphrase: As expected, the generation now in their 60s and 70s, who remember World War II from their childhoods, are violently against war and the causalities it inflicts. They believe in the power of the United Nations and other bureaucracies to solve world conflict (Strauss, 1999).

Lecture: APA Three ways to cite paraphrased sources in APA format: First, the author's name is mentioned in the text. Most often, an author's last name appears in the text with the date of publication immediately following in parentheses: Bolles (2000) provides a practical, detailed approach to job hunting.

Lecture: APA  Three ways to cite paraphrased sources in APA format:  Second, the author's name is not mentioned in the text. When the author's name does not appear in the text itself, it appears in the parenthetical citation followed by a comma and the date of publication: Interactive fiction permits readers to move freely through a text and to participate in its authorship (Bolter, 2001).

Lecture: APA Three ways to cite paraphrased sources in APA format: – Third, the author’s name and the date appear in the text of the sentence with no parentheses (this format is used least among the three): In 1997, Bloom noted that that E.M. Forster’s lectures on the novel reshaped basic literary definitions.

Lecture: APA Quoting is using the source’s exact words and placing these words within quotation marks. The difference between citing paraphrased sources and citing direct quotations: quotation marks and a page number. Introduce a quote – don’t “drop it in.”

Lecture: APA  Three ways to cite quoted sources in APA format:  First, the author's name is mentioned in the text. Most often, an author's last name appears in the text with the date of publication immediately following in parentheses: Harris (2000) notes that “planning for employment requires credentials, confidence, and effective presentation” (p. 15).

Lecture: APA  Three ways to cite quoted sources in APA format:  Second, the author's name is not mentioned in the text. When the author's name does not appear in the text itself, it appears in the parenthetical citation followed by a comma and the date of publication: School uniforms may be mandated, but “no school district can mandate the brand of uniform parents purchase” (Feature, 2005, p. 74).

Lecture: APA  Three ways to cite quoted sources in APA format:  Third, the author’s name and the date appear in the text of the sentence with no parentheses (this format is used least among the three and note that the page number is still necessary for the quotation): Jeffries’s 2002 research suggests that the “high costs of pet ownership may be responsible for some irresponsible choices” (p. 24).

Lecture: APA What happens when there is no author? In those cases, use an abbreviated version of the title in quotation marks in the in-text citation. One of the topic choices for the Final Project is immigration. One of the articles listed in Unit 1 under this topic is called “Not Criminal, Just Hopeful” and was published in 2006 in the periodical Economist. It has no author listed. Paraphrasing this source in APA would require the following format: As people become more culturally aware, immigration debates may become less heated (“Not Criminal,” 2006). Quoting this source in APA would require the following format: Despite immigration controversy, some believe “that calmer voices will prevail” (“Not Criminal,” 2006).

Questions?

Lecture: APA APA References Page – aka “the other half” of APA citation In-text citation gives us the most basic information about the source Each in-text citation should corresponds with a listing on the APA references page

Lecture: APA Source type dictates the references page in APA citation. The most common source you will use in this course is an article with author(s) listed.

Lecture: APA  Following is the order in which information will appear for this most common source: ▪ Author’s last name, First initial. ▪ (Year). ▪ Title of article is not in quotation marks: Capital letters and lower case used like this. ▪ Periodical title in italics, ▪ Volume and issue appearing as follows: 29(100), ▪ Page numbers, if available, appearing as follows: pp ▪ Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Name database.

Any remaining questions and concerns? Looking at this week’s work: Be sure to read article in Reading scenario. Discussion: Respond to the following questions: If you had to choose one factor that influenced Glass’s behavior at The New Republic, what would you pick? Explain why this is the straw that broke his honesty. How could these loopholes have been avoided completely if editors had been more careful with Glass’s work? How much responsibility do you think falls on the editors? Do you think The New Republic will ever regain its reputation? Why or why not?

Thank you for a great seminar! Have a wonderful week! Melissa