Anatomy and Physiology

Key Terms Histology: – the study of Tissues: – groups of which are similar in structure and which perform common or related

Four Basic Kinds of Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Locations: – Covers the body – Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts and blood vessels inside the body, forms epidermal membranes – Covers the organs inside Epithelial Tissue Functions: – Protection from injury, – Protection against microbial – Contains receptors which respond to stimuli, – Filters, secretes & materials and – Secretes serous fluids to lubricate structures.

Connective Tissue Connective Tissue: – Most abundant & widely distributed tissue – Has large amounts of Connective Tissue Functions: – Connects, binds and supports structures,, ligaments, etc. – Protects & cushions organs and tissues, – Insulates (fat) and – Transports substances ( ).

Muscle Tissue Tissue: – Associated with the bones of the skeleton, the heart and in the walls of the hollow organs of the body. Muscle Tissue Functions: – Movement (can shorten to exert force) – L – Maintains posture – Produces heat – Facial expressions – Pumps – Peristalsis

Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue: – Main component of the system, ie., brain, spinal cord & nerves. Tissue Functions: – Regulates & controls body functions – Generates & transmits nerve impulses ( ) – Supports, insulates and protects impulse generating

Specific tissue types: – epithelial Squamous Cuboidal Columnar T – connective Adipose B Hyalaine cartilage – muscle – nervous

Squamous Epithelium Simple – one thick Forms solid,single layer of cells which line blood vessels, body cavities & cover organs in body Forms solid,single layer of cells which line blood vessels, body cavities & cover organs in body – multiple layers – multiple layers Forms epidermis, good for areas under Forms epidermis, good for areas under

Cuboidal Epithelium – one cell thick Roughly cube shaped Line ducts in kidneys, etc, where and secretory activities take place. Line ducts in kidneys, etc, where and secretory activities take place. Duct Cuboid Cells

Columnar Epithelium – one cell thick Column shaped (long & narrow) Line digestive tract where reabsorption & secretion occurs. Pseudostratified – gives the appearance of more than one layer of columnar Pseudostratified – gives the appearance of more than one layer of columnar

Transitional Epithelium Found in the lining, unusual cells that slide over each other

Specific Connective Tissue Types: A B H

Connective - Adipose Honeycomb or appearance Stores energy (fat) Stores energy (fat) I Supports & protects organs Supports & protects organs

Connective - Bone ring-like appearance Supports & protects Supports & protects Mineral storage Mineral storage Fat Fat cell production cell production

Connective – Hyaline Cartilage Supports while providing Supports while providing Absorbs compression between bones in joints ( ) Absorbs compression between bones in joints ( ) Holds open respiratory Holds open respiratory Most abundant type of Most abundant type of in body in body

Specific Muscle Tissue Types: – MUSCLE: – 1. S – 2. C – 3. S

Muscle - Skeletal Muscle fibers (cells) long, parallel & With many nuclei (multinucleate) Striations - cross stripes run perpendicular to the cells - Striations - cross stripes run perpendicular to the cells - Produce voluntary movement, attached to bone, moves eyes Produce voluntary movement, attached to bone, moves eyes Locomotion Locomotion H

Cardiac Also called Makes up most of Involuntary control B Most have a single nucleus Have Have discs, Contracts organ

Smooth Also called visceral Forms walls of (organs of ventral body cavity) – stomach, uterus, arteries I Single nucleus, spindle shaped cells Changes volume

Specific Nervous Tissue Types Nervous – Neuron Branching cells with many processes Branching cells with many processes Large central Large central Transmit impulses from one area of the body to other areas Transmit impulses from one area of the body to other areas Regulate activities through impulses Regulate activities through impulses

MEMBRANES Thin sheets of tissue: E Mucous membranes that line spaces & lead to openings – lines digestive protect from acid, respiratory, urinary & reproductive. Some w/cilia Serous: Lines closed body cavities 3 types Pleurae – line thoracic cavity & cover lungs Pericaridium – enclosing heart Peritoneum – lines walls of cavity, covers organs

Other Membranes Cutaneous – skin (type of membrane) – thin connective tissue membranes that line the joint cavities and secrete lubricating fluid to reduce friction.

Membranes and Some diseases affect Cold = inflammation of of nose Peritonitis = infection of peritoneum after a ruptured Infections can along membranes tissue (collagen) diseases include lupus and rheumatoid which may affect many parts of the body

CANCER! Abnormal growth of cells = a tumor Results from a disturbance of the cell cycle = tumor that does not spread MALIGNANT = tumor that spreads to other tissues – process of tumor spread

“oma” means tumor – even some benign tumors can block things and be dangerous: BENIGN : – grows in epithelium ex. Wart – epithelial tumor in glands – connective tissue in adipose tissue – connective tissue in bones – muscle tissue - in voluntary muscle ex. fibroid in uterus Angioma – made of small blood or lymph vessels ex. Nevus – small tumor ex. Moles Chondroma – in cells

MALIGNANT TUMORS Cancer means (from the extensions of the claws and the tumors) Grow fast and spread (metastases – secondary growths) CARCINOMAS – start in = most common cancer – skin, mouth, lung, breast, stomach, colon, prostate, uterus (usually spread by system) SARCOMAS – tissue – found anywhere, usually spread by blood. MELANOMAS – start in birthmarks or GLIOMAS – start in connective tissue of brain and spinal cord – in lymph tissue

SYMPTOMS Cancer often has no specific, so it is important that people limit their risk factors and undergo appropriate cancer screening. Most cancer screening is specific to certain age groups and your primary-care doctor will know what screening to perform depending on your age. People with risk factors for cancer (for example,, heavy alcohol use, high sun exposure, genetics) should be acutely aware of potential cancer symptoms and be evaluated by a physician if any develop.heavy alcohol usehigh sun exposure

Persistent cough or blood-tinged salivacough A change in bowel Unexplained anemiaanemia Breast lump or breast discharge Breast lumpbreast discharge in the testiclestesticles A change in urination Blood in the Hoarseness Persistent or swollen glands Obvious change in a or a molemole Indigestion or difficulty Indigestion Unusual vaginal or dischargedischarge Unexpected weight loss, night sweats, orweight lossnight sweats Continued in the anal or genital areaanal Nonhealing sores Headaches Back pain, pelvic pain, bloating, or Back pain

CANCER FACTS How do you find it?, Untrasound, Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic imaging (MRI) How can you treat it? Cut it out Chemotherapy ; # 1 in cancer rates