Ch. 3 - Evaluating a Firm’s Financial Performance and Measuring Cash Flow  1999, Prentice Hall, Inc.

Financial Statements

Balance Sheet Assets Liabilities & Owners Equity Current Assets Cash Cash Marketable Securities Marketable Securities Accounts Receivable Accounts Receivable Inventories Inventories Fixed Assets Land Land Plant & Equipment Plant & Equipment less: depreciation less: depreciation Current Liabilities Accounts Payable Accounts Payable Notes Payable Notes Payable Accrued Salaries Accrued Salaries Long-Term Liabilities Mortgage Debt Mortgage Debt Debentures Debentures Owners’ Equity Common Stock ($1 Par) Common Stock ($1 Par) Add’l Paid In Capital Add’l Paid In Capital Retained Earnings Retained Earnings

REVENUE REVENUE - Cost of Goods Sold GROSS PROFIT GROSS PROFIT - Operating Expenses NET OPERATING INCOME (NOI ) or NET OPERATING INCOME (NOI ) or EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST & EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST & TAXES (EBIT) TAXES (EBIT) - Interest Expense - Income Taxes NET INCOME NET INCOME - Dividends on Common & Preferred Stock RETAINED EARNINGS RETAINED EARNINGS Income Statement

Cash Flow Statement Cash collected from customers Cash collected from customers - Cash paid to suppliers - Cash paid to suppliers - Operating Cash Outflows (marketing, - Operating Cash Outflows (marketing, administrative and interest payments) administrative and interest payments) - Cash Tax Payments - Cash Tax Payments +/- Cash Flow from Investments acquired or sold + Receipts from new stock issue + Receipts from new stock issue + Increased borrowing + Increased borrowing - Repayment of debt principal - Repayment of debt principal - Common Stock Dividend Payments - Common Stock Dividend Payments Cash Flow Generated Cash Flow Generated

Cash Flow Statement Cash collected from customers Cash collected from customers - Cash paid to suppliers - Cash paid to suppliers - Operating Cash Outflows (marketing, - Operating Cash Outflows (marketing, administrative and interest payments) administrative and interest payments) - Cash Tax Payments - Cash Tax Payments +/- Cash Flow from Investments acquired or sold + Receipts from new stock issue + Receipts from new stock issue + Increased borrowing + Increased borrowing - Repayment of debt principal - Repayment of debt principal - Common Stock Dividend Payments - Common Stock Dividend Payments Cash Flow Generated Cash Flow Generated

Cash Flow Statement Cash collected from customers Cash collected from customers - Cash paid to suppliers - Cash paid to suppliers - Operating Cash Outflows (marketing, - Operating Cash Outflows (marketing, administrative and interest payments) administrative and interest payments) - Cash Tax Payments - Cash Tax Payments +/- Cash Flow from Investments acquired or sold + Receipts from new stock issue + Receipts from new stock issue + Increased borrowing + Increased borrowing - Repayment of debt principal - Repayment of debt principal - Common Stock Dividend Payments - Common Stock Dividend Payments Cash Flow Generated Cash Flow Generated

Financial Statement Analysis n Are our decisions maximizing shareholder wealth?

We will want to answer questions about the firm’s n Liquidity n Efficient use of Assets n Leverage (financing) n Profitability

Financial Ratios n Tools that help us determine the financial health of a company. n We can compare a company’s financial ratios with its ratios in previous years (trend analysis). n We can compare a company’s financial ratios with those of its industry.

Example: CyberDragon Corporation

CyberDragon’s Balance Sheet ($000) Assets:Liabilities & Owners' Equity: Assets:Liabilities & Owners' Equity: Cash$2,540Accounts Payable 9,721 Cash$2,540Accounts Payable 9,721 Marketable securities 1,800Notes Payable 8,500 Marketable securities 1,800Notes Payable 8,500 Accounts Receivable18,320Accrued taxes payable 3,200 Accounts Receivable18,320Accrued taxes payable 3,200 Inventories27,530Other current liabilities 4,102 Inventories27,530Other current liabilities 4,102 Total Current Assets 50,190Total Current Liabilities 25,523 Total Current Assets 50,190Total Current Liabilities 25,523 Plant and Equipment43,100Long-term debt (bonds) 22,000 Plant and Equipment43,100Long-term debt (bonds) 22,000 less accum deprec.11,400Total Liabilities 47,523 less accum deprec.11,400Total Liabilities 47,523 Net Plant & Equip. 31,700Common Stock ($10 par) 13,000 Net Plant & Equip. 31,700Common Stock ($10 par) 13,000 Total Assets 81,890Paid in capital 10,000 Total Assets 81,890Paid in capital 10,000 Retained earnings 11,367 Total stockholders' equity 34,367 Total liabilities & equity 81,890

Sales (all credit)$112,760 Sales (all credit)$112,760 Cost of Goods Sold (85,300) Cost of Goods Sold (85,300) Gross Profit 31,500 Gross Profit 31,500 Operating Expenses: Operating Expenses: Selling (6,540) Selling (6,540) General & Administrative (9,400) General & Administrative (9,400) Total Operating Expenses (15,940) Total Operating Expenses (15,940) Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) 11,520 Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) 11,520 Interest charges: Interest charges: Interest on bank notes: (850) Interest on bank notes: (850) Interest on bonds: (2,310) Interest on bonds: (2,310) Total Interest charges (3,160) Total Interest charges (3,160) Earnings before taxes (EBT) 8,600 Earnings before taxes (EBT) 8,600 Taxes (3,344) Taxes (3,344) Net Income 5,016 Net Income 5,016 CyberDragon’s Income Statement

CyberDragon Other Information Dividends paid on common stock$2,800 Dividends paid on common stock$2,800 Earnings retained in the firm 2,216 Earnings retained in the firm 2,216 Shares outstanding (000) 1,300 Shares outstanding (000) 1,300 Market price per share 20 Market price per share 20 Book value per share Book value per share Earnings per share 3.86 Earnings per share 3.86 Dividends per share 2.15 Dividends per share 2.15

1. Liquidity Ratios n Do we have enough liquid assets to meet approaching obligations?

What is CyberDragon’s Current Ratio?

50,190 25,523 = 1.97

50,190 25,523 = 1.97 If the average current ratio for the industry is 2.4, is this good or not?

What is the firm’s Acid Test Ratio?

50, ,530 25,523 =.89

What is the firm’s Acid Test Ratio? 50, ,530 25,523 =.89 S’pose the industry average is.92. What does this tell us?

What is the firm’s Average Collection Period?

18, ,760 / 365 = 59.3 days

What is the firm’s Average Collection Period? 18, ,760 / 365 = 59.3 days If the industry average is 47 days, what does this tell us?

2. Operating Efficiency Ratios n Measure how efficiently the firm’s assets generate operating profits.

What is the firm’s Operating Income Return on Investment (OIROI)?

11,52081,890 = 14.07% What is the firm’s Operating Income Return on Investment (OIROI)?

11,52081,890 = 14.07% Slightly below the industry average of 15%.Slightly below the industry average of 15%. What is the firm’s Operating Income Return on Investment (OIROI)?

11,52081,890 = 14.07% Slightly below the industry average of 15%.Slightly below the industry average of 15%. The OIROI reflects product pricing andThe OIROI reflects product pricing and the firm’s ability to keep costs down. the firm’s ability to keep costs down. What is the firm’s Operating Income Return on Investment (OIROI)?

What is their Operating Profit Margin?

11,520112,760 = 10.22%

What is their Operating Profit Margin? 11,520112,760 = 10.22% This is below the industry average ofThis is below the industry average of 12%.

What is their Total Asset Turnover?

112,76081,890 = 1.38 times

What is their Total Asset Turnover? 112,76081,890 = 1.38 times The industry average is 1.82 times. The firm needs to figure out how to squeeze more sales dollars out of its assets.

What is the firm’s Accounts Receivable Turnover?

112,760 18,320 = 6.16 times

What is the firm’s Accounts Receivable Turnover? 112,760 18,320 = 6.16 times CyberDragon turns their A/R over 6.16 times per year. The industry average is 8.2 times. Is this efficient?

What is the firm’s Inventory Turnover?

85,300 27,530 = 3.10 times

What is the firm’s Inventory Turnover? 85,300 27,530 = 3.10 times CyberDragon turns their inventory over 3.1 times per year. The industry average is 3.9 times. Is this efficient?

Low inventory turnover: The firm may have too much inventory, which is expensive because: n Inventory takes up costly warehouse space. n Some items may become spoiled or obsolete.

What is the firm’s Fixed Asset Turnover?

112,760 31,700 = 3.56 times

What is the firm’s Fixed Asset Turnover? 112,760 31,700 = 3.56 times If the industry average is 4.6 times, what does this tell us about CyberDragon?

3. Leverage Ratios (financing decisions) n Measure the impact of using debt capital to finance assets. n Firms use debt to lever (increase) returns on common equity.

How does Leverage work? n Suppose we have an all equity- financed firm worth $100,000. Its earnings this year total $15,000. ROE = (ignore taxes for this example)

How does Leverage work? n Suppose we have an all equity- financed firm worth $100,000. Its earnings this year total $15,000. ROE = 100,00015,000 = 15%

n Suppose the same $100,000 firm is financed with half equity and half 8% debt (bonds). Earnings are still $15,000. ROE = How does Leverage work?

n Suppose the same $100,000 firm is financed with half equity and half 8% debt (bonds). Earnings are still $15,000. ROE = 15, ,000 50,000 = How does Leverage work?

n Suppose the same $100,000 firm is financed with half equity and half 8% debt (bonds). Earnings are still $15,000. ROE = 15, ,000 50,000 = 22% How does Leverage work?

What is CyberDragon’s Debt Ratio?

47,52381,890 = 58%

What is CyberDragon’s Debt Ratio? 47,52381,890 = 58% If the industry average is 47%, whatIf the industry average is 47%, what does this tell us?

If the industry average is 47%, whatIf the industry average is 47%, what does this tell us? Can leverage make the firm more profitable?Can leverage make the firm more profitable? Can leverage make the firm riskier?Can leverage make the firm riskier? 47,52381,890 = 58% What is CyberDragon’s Debt Ratio?

What is the firm’s Times Interest Earned Ratio?

11,5203,160 = 3.65 times

What is the firm’s Times Interest Earned Ratio? 11,5203,160 = 3.65 times The industry average is 6.7 times. ThisThe industry average is 6.7 times. This is further evidence that the uses more debt financing than average.

4. Return on Equity n How well are the firm’s managers maximizing shareholder wealth?

What is CyberDragon’s Return on Equity (ROE)?

5,01634,367 = 14.6%

What is CyberDragon’s Return on Equity (ROE)? 5,01634,367 = 14.6% The industry average is 17.54%.The industry average is 17.54%.

What is CyberDragon’s Return on Equity (ROE)? The industry average is 17.54%.The industry average is 17.54%. Is this what we would expect, given theIs this what we would expect, given the firm’s leverage? 5,01634,367 = 14.6%

Conclusion: n Even though CyberDragon has higher leverage than the industry average, they are much less efficient, and therefore, less profitable.

The DuPont Model Brings together: n Profitability n Efficiency n Leverage

The DuPont Model ROE = Net Profit Margin X Total Asset Turnover:Debt Ratio ( 1 - )

The DuPont Model = ROE = Net Profit Margin X Total Asset Turnover:Debt Ratio ( 1 - ) ) X Net Income Sales Sales Total Assets Total Debt :

The DuPont Model = ROE = Net Profit Margin X Total Asset Turnover:Debt Ratio ( 1 - ) X : = 14.6% = 5, ,760 81,890 47,523 81,890 ( 1- ) X Net Income Sales Sales Total Assets Total Debt : ( 1-