 Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union – totalitarian government  Benito Mussolini – Italy – fascism  Adolf Hitler – Germany – Nazism  Francisco Franco – Spain – totalitarian government  Hideki Tojo- Japan- Prime Minister (Emperor Hirohito)

 Austria and Czech Fall  Hitler begins a policy of territorial expansion,  Germany and Austria united 1935  France and Britain chose to appease Hitler and signed the Munich Pact – gave Germany Sudetenland (part of Czech.)

 1935: Neutrality Acts – won’t sell weapons or give loans to countries  President doesn’t enforce the acts and decides to send weapons to China because China and Japan fighting

 Soviet Union and Germany nonaggression pact – wouldn’t fight divide Poland  Germany blitzkrieg in Poland – Sept. 1, 1939  Blitzkrieg- Lightning War- Quick attack with Air Force and Panzer Tanks  Sept. 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany  Poland was taken over

 Italy invaded France south and Germany north; France defeated  Battle of Dunkirk- Mass exit by French and British back to G.B.  Battle of Britain – Germany bombed cities constantly for two months

- Nazi Propaganda - Anti-Semitism - Blamed Jews for WWI - Laws passed to forbid Jews Hitler favored immigration U.S. admitted 100,000 (including Albert Einstein)

 cash and carry provision –buy American weapons as long as they pay cash and take them back on their ships  Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a treaty – AXIS POWERS  America launches a peace time draft – 1 st time

 U.S. created the Lend-Lease Act – President can lend or lease weapons  June 1941 – Hitler invaded the Soviet Union with 3 million troops; Soviets used scorched earth policy  U.S. sent supplies to Britain and Soviet Union

 Japan wanted control of American colonies in the Pacific Island  Japan takes over French military bases in Indochina; the U.S. stops trading with Japan; Japan prepared for war against U.S.

 Dec. 7, 1941 – Japan attacked Pearl Harbor – the largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific  18 ships sunk, 350 planes destroyed, 2,400 people died, 1,178 wounded

 “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the Japanese launched an unprovoked and dastardly attack on American soil.”  The U.S. declared war on Japan  Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.  Effects? Isolationism decreased and the U.S. had to fight a two front war

 Selective Service Act: drafted men for two fronts  WAAC: Women’s Auxiliary Corps – became clerks, waitresses behind the scenes

 War production – tanks, planes, boats, bomb parts, mosquito netting, aircraft carriers  Manhattan Project- Scientists developed the atomic bomb- underneath the University of Chicago football field

 The War Department evacuated Japanese Americans into confinement camps – “national security”  Problem?  Office of Price Administration increased taxes, froze prices, rationed goods  War Production Board rationed materials important to war

 Battle of the Atlantic: Germans used unrestricted Submarine warfare along America’s east coast; used sonar and convoys  Eastern Front and Mediterranean 1. Battle of Stalingrad: bombing raids by Germany – wanted oil fields; Soviets counterattacked and Germans surrendered 2. Operation Torch: Allies invade Axis controlled North Africa commanded by Dwight D. Eisenhower; Axis surrender 3. Allies Win and take Italy

 Original Day was June 5, changed to the 6 th because of bad weather.  Allies Liberate Europe 1. D-Day June 6, 1944 commanded by General Eisenhower; attacked beachs of Normandy. Allies freed France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands

 Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944; Allies turned back the last major German offensive  Hitler committed suicide  April 1945, Roosevelt dies and Harry Truman becomes 33 rd president.  May 8, 1945 Germany surrendered; celebrated V-E Day “Victory in Europe Day” 

 General in the Pacific was Douglas MacArthur until 1942  Japanese conquered territory and people, so U.S. retaliates and surprise Japan with an air raid over Tokyo  Doolittle’s Raid  Battle of the Coral Sea: Japan wins, but doesn’t make it to Australia (first time a Japanese invasion was stopped and turned back)  Battle of Midway: turning point, stops Japanese expansion

 U.S. island-hopping  Battle for Leyte Gulf: Japan uses kamikazes and is a disaster for Japan  Allies took Philippines and freed American prisoners of war  Battle of Iwo Jima and Okinawa: Japan lost

IWO JIMA

THE BOMBHARRY S. TRUMAN  Manhattan Project: creation of the atomic bomb; tested in New Mexico  VP Truman was only told of the bomb when FDR died  Problem? Risk 1 million soldiers or drop the bomb?  Truman decides to drop them; uses this as a military weapon

 Aug. 6, 1945: 1 st on  Hiroshima: military center- Dropped by the Enola Gay Code Named: Fat Man  Aug. 9, 1945: 2 nd on Nagasaki: Code Name: Little Man  Hirohito surrendered Sept. 2, 1945  Ending the War

 The Big Three at the Yalta Conference – Fe Franklin Roosevelt of the U.S, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, and Winston Churchill of Great Britain  United Nations created: international peacekeeping body (town meeting of the world)  Germany divided into 4 zones or sections: U.S., Great Britain, France, and Soviet Union  Nuremberg Trials: Nazi leaders tried for war crimes  The U.S Rebuilding Begins. occupied Japan under Douglas MacArthur, created a new constitution

 Opportunity and Adjustment Unemployment fell, farmers prospered, and women gained pride and confidence GI Bill of Rights passed: gave veterans education and training, paid for by the government

 More African Americans moved north to get jobs  James Farmer created the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to confront urban segregation in the north  Mexican Americans discriminated in Los Angeles

 People are prejudice against Japanese Americans because of Pearl Harbor  Internment: confinement; 110,000 Japanese Americans in the U.S.

 Domestic Policy- Civil Rights will begin in the 1950’s  Foreign Policy- Shift goes toward the Cold War