The Neuromuscular Manifestations of Amyloidosis

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Presentation transcript:

The Neuromuscular Manifestations of Amyloidosis B.J. Kim Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center

Introduction Amyloidosis is a syndrome with diverse clinical manifestations. The deposition of insoluble protein fibrils in beta pleated sheet configuration. Renal, hepatic, cardiac failure are common manifestation. Peripheral neuropathy is rare. -amyloidosis는 단일 원인에 의한 균일한 증상을 갖는 질환이 아니라 다양한 임상상으로 나타나는 증후군으로 보는 것이 타당하다. -amyloidosis 는 약 10nm의 beta pleated sheet 구조를 가지는 insoluble protein fibril의 침착으로 인해 정상 조직의 구조와 기능이 손상돼 발생되는 증후군이다. -amyloid를 형성하는 protein이 현재까지 25개 이상 밝혀져 있다. -amyloidosis는 주로 신장, 간, 심장 등에 침착되어 증상 발현하며, PNS 침범은 사실상 드물다.

Classification; Systemic amyloidosis Acquired amylodosis Primary(AL) Secondary(AA) Infection : tuberculosis, leprosy Inflammation : RA, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease, osteomyelitis Hereditary amylodosis Peripheral neuropathy is not seen in secondary amyloidosis nor in most of the hereditary amyloidosis -systemic amyloidosis는 크게 hereditary 와 acquired로 나눌 수 있으며, acquired 는 다시 primary와 secondary로 나뉜다. -secondary amyloidosis 는 tuberculosis나 leprosy 와 같은 infection에 의한 경우와 RA, AS, CD, OM 등과 같은 inflammation에 의한 경우가 있다.

Primary systemic amyloidosis(AL) Clinical features Non-neuropathic manifestations : general weakness, fatigue, or weight loss : >50% nephrotic syndrome : 33% congestive heart failure : 25% other hepatomegaly, purpura, macroglossia. Neurologic manifestation 1/6 of AL amyloidosis Polyneuropathy -AL amyloidosis는 흔한 질환은 아니다. -미국에서 발생율이 10만명 당 0.89명, 연간 2500례 정도가 발생하는 것으로 보고된 바 있다. -보통 고령에서 발생해 진단시 평균 연령이 65세 정도이며, 40세 이하에서 발생하는 경우는 1%이하고 극히 드물다. -남녀비를 보면 3:2 정도로 남성에서 약간 더 많은 것으로 보고된다. -10-20%에서 진단 당시 MM의 진단 기준을 만족하는 경우가 있다. -AL amylodosis는 대부분 monoclonal light chain으로 구성되며, kappa : lambda 비율이 1:2 정도로 구성된다. 매우 드물게 heavy chain으로 구성되는 경우가 있다.

Amyloid neuropathy; Clinical features Carpal tunnel syndrome : 25% Polyneuropathy Painful neuropathy Symmetric distal distribution Sensory dominant Small fiber>large fiber Autonomic dysfunction : 65% Orthostatic dizziness, diarrhea, impotence, bladder dysfunction -peripheral neuropathy는 AL amyloidosis의 약 1/6에서 발현되며, 약 25%에서는 CTS가 동반된다. -neuropathy의 초기 증상은 사지 말단의 감각 장애로 나타나며, 종종 통증을 동반한다. -하지가 더 먼저 침범되며, 증상 정도도 더 심하다. -초기에 감각 신경병증 형태로 나타나지만 이후 진행하면서 sensorimotor polyneuropathy로 진행되며, distal, sensory, small faber dominant 형태로 나타난다. -자율신경병증이 흔히 동반되어 약 65%에서 나타난다.

F/78 2009.9 Depression with nausea 2009.10 Syncope, orhtostatic and micturitional 2010.3 admission Motor power G5/5 Sensory decreased distal sensation, pain Reflex decreased or absent Bladder dysfunction, othostatic hypotension Weight loss NCS; symmetric sensory polyneuropathy AFT; pandysautonomia Nerve biopsy; axonal loss with amyloid

Clinical Diagnosis of Peripheral neuropathy Acute Chronic Aquired Inherited Neuronopathy Neuropathy Axonopathy Demyelinopathy Chronic aquired axonal symmetric polyneuropathy with autonomic dysfunction

Neuropathy with autonomic dysfuntion Systemic diseases Amyloidosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Porphyria Infections or related toxins Chronic renal or hepatic disease Immune disorders Acute Dysautonomia, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, Paraneoplastic Primary Dysautonomia Acute Pandysautonomia, POTS System Degenerations Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension, Multiple systems atrophy Hereditary autonomic disorders Drugs & Toxins Localized autonomic dysfunction

3. Laboratory and Radiologic studies Monoclonal protein present in serum or urine Metastatic bone survey Elevated creatinine levels or proteinuria Cardiac dysfunction -AL amyloidosis 환자의 약 90%에서 serum 혹은 urine에서 immunofixation 혹은 immunoelectrophoresis 검사에 의해 monoclonal protein이 발견된다. -serum 에서 2/3, urine 에서 2/3 정도 검출된다. -myeloma가 동반된 경우에는 lytic or sclerotic lesion이 metastatic bone survey에서 나타날 수 있다. -renal involvement에 의해 Cr이 상승되거나 proteinuria가 나타난다.

Diagnostic studies for neuropathies CSF study not routinely checked often demonstrates an elevated protein level Electrodiagnosis axonal sensorimotor(sensory>motor) polyneuropathy superimposed carpal tunnel syndrome needle EMG : active denervation or chronic reinnervation Nerve biopsy : decreased density of small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers amyloid deposit in endo- and epineurium as well as vessel wall -ECG, echo 등을 이용해 cardiac function 평가가 필요하다. -CSF study 는 필수적 검사는 아니나 protein 상승이 관찰되기도 한다. -NCS 상으로는 axonal sensorimotor(sensory>motor) polyneuropathy로 나타나며, CTS가 흔히 동반된다. -needle EMG 상으로는 active denervation 혹은 chronic reinnervation이 나타난다.

Clinical course Neuropathy from AL amyloidosis is gradually and slowly progressive regardless of treatment. Death usually results from amyloidosis causing debilitating peripheral and autonomic neuropathy or producing other organ system failure. -신경병증은 치료에 관계없이 서서히 진행한다. -환자가 사망하게 되는 경우는 자율신경병증이 심하거나 다른 장기의 기능 소실에 의한다. -평균 생존 기간은 증상 발현시 침범된 장기에 따라 정해지는 경우가 많아서 심장을 침범한 경우 4개월, 신장이나 말초신경을 침범한 경우 26개월 정도로 보고된다.

Hereditary Amyloidosis 3-5% of patients with amyloidosis Hereditary amyloidosis can be caused by ; i) Transthyretin(TTR) ii) apolipoprotein AI(apo AI) iii) gelsolin iv) apolipoprotein AII(apo AII) v) fibrinogen vi) lysosome Only 1st three which result in neuropathy, commonly called familial amyloid polyneuropathy(FAP) -hereditary amyloidosis는 전체 amyloidosis의 3-5%를 차지할 정도로 드문 편이다. -amyloid를 구성하는 단백질의 종류에 따라 크게 6가지고 구분할 수 있고 이 중 앞선 세가지 형태에서 말초 신경병증이 발생할 수 있고 이를 통상 FAP로 불러왔다.

58/M A Chinese Malaysian director of a chemical laboratory 2003, distal weakness and atrophy numbness and paresthesia below knee and elbow The symptoms were continuously progressed. 2004, he could not climb stairs due to the weakness. 2005, he could not walk more than 10 minutes because of the shortness of breath. Leg edema, presyncope

Family history Father; weakness, muscle wasting, when he was fifties. Elderly brother: sudden death in late fifties. Neurological examination Motor power; U/Ex (proximal/distal) IV+/IV0 L/Ex (proximal/distal) IV+/III0 Sensory exam: decreased pain/temperature below knees/elbows Reflex; 0/0 Cerebellar function test; WNL

Nerve biopsy lots of amyloid deposits with congo red staining seen in the polarizing microscopy

Patient Son Doughter a mutation in the exon 4 of transthyretin gene (nucleotide G349T; amino acid A117S) Patient’s son also has the mutation. Although he had no symptom, NCS showed finding compatible with axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy.

Conclusions Amyloidosis is a systemic disease that may be acquired or hereditary. Peripheral neuropathy may be a significant or the initial manifestation, resulting in presentation to the neurologist. Diagnosis often is challenging and may require careful neurologic evaluation and multiple diagnostic procedures.