PARTS OF SPEECH PACKET English 10

NOUNS  A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea  A proper noun is ALWAYS capitalized and it names a specific person, place, or thing.  Examples of proper nouns: McDonalds, Copley High School, Ohio, Romeo and Juliet

NOUNS  A common noun is not capitalized and does not name a specific noun  Examples of common nouns: restaurant, school, state, movie  A compound noun is a noun made up of two or more words  Examples of compound nouns: highchair, Declaration of Independence, bookshelf

NOUNS  A concrete noun can be identified by any of the five senses (you can see it, touch it, taste it, hear it, smell it)  Examples of concrete nouns: rose, wind, chicken, thunder, poison  An abstract noun cannot be identified by any of the five senses. Usually it refers to an idea or feeling  Examples of abstract nouns: happiness, sadness, hate

PRONOUNS  A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or more than one noun. Ex: Lian showed her dad how to use the computer program. Computers had always baffled him. The most commonly used pronouns are the personal pronouns.

PRONOUNS  First person: I, my, mine, me, we, our, ours, us  Second person: you, your, yours  Third person: he, his, him, she, her, hers, it, its, they, their, theirs, them

PRONOUNS  Relative pronouns: Introduce adjective and noun clauses; these do NOT begin questions  Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that  Ex: Buy the shirt that is green.  Interrogative pronouns: Begin questions  Examples: Who…? Whom…? Whose…? Which…? What…?  Ex: Who bought the shirt?

PRONOUNS  Demonstrative pronouns: point out specific persons or things  Ex: this, that, these, those  Ex: Look at that! These are great!  Reflexive pronouns: refer to the subject in a sentence and direct the action of the verb back to the subject  Ex: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves  Ex: She gave herself a pat on the back.

PRONOUNS  Indefinite pronouns: refer to persons or things not specifically named.  Examples: all, any, anybody, both, each, everyone, everything, few, many, more, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, other, several, some, somebody, someone  Ex: One piece of chicken is enough.  *Intensive pronouns (pronouns ending in ‘self’ or ‘selves’) are used to emphasize the word before it  Ex: Tony himself carried the large box.

ADJECTIVES  An adjective is a word used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives tell “what kind?” “which one?” or “how many/much?”  Some words may be used as either adjectives or as pronouns.  To tell them apart, remember that adjectives modify nouns or pronouns and pronouns take the place of nouns.

ADJECTIVES  Ex: Each person was told to take shelter.  Adjective  Ex: The police officer handed each of us directions to the shelter.  Pronoun

ADJECTIVES  Some nouns may be used as adjectives.  Ex: Hurricane winds battered the coast.  Adjective  Ex: During the hurricane several houses were washed out to sea.  Noun

ADJECTIVES  Articles are also technically adjectives because they modify nouns or pronouns.  Examples: a, an, and the.

VERBS  A verb expresses an action or a state of being.  A physical action verb describes an action that can be seen or heard.  Examples: run, hit, jump, dance, sing  A mental action verb described an action that CANNOT be seen or heard.  Examples: think, worry, believe, feel, understand, anticipate

VERBS  A verb phrase consists of the main verb and its helping verbs, also called auxiliary verbs.  Examples: She is going to the store  He must have wanted the video game.  Note: If any of the “helping verbs” stand alone, they are linking verbs.  Also, if a word, such as “seems,” or “feels” can be replaced by “am,” “is,” “are,” “was,” or “were,” it is a linking verb.

VERBS  All of the words below are helping verbs. Some of them can stand alone as linking (state of being verbs), as well.  Have, has, had,  Do, does, did,  Be, am, is, are,  Was, were, been,  Can, could,  Shall, should,  Will, would,  May, might,  Must, being

VERBS  IMPORTANT: The words not, so, and very are NEVER part of the verb phrase.

ADVERBS An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. An adverb answers the following questions: how? when? where? or to what extent? Ex: We stayed inside. [The adverb inside modifies the verb stayed and tells where.] Ex: It was an unusually quiet morning. [The adverb unusually modifies the adjective quiet and tells how.] The dog barked quite loudly. [The adverb quite modifies the adverb loudly and tells to what extent.]

ADVERBS  The most frequently used, and often overworked, adverbs are too, so, and very.  Also, if a word ends in –ly, it is usually an adverb.

PREPOSITIONS  A preposition is a word used to show the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence.

PREPOSITION RULES  1. A preposition always introduces a phrase.  2. A prepositional phrase must end with a noun or a pronoun which is called the object of the preposition.  3. There CANNOT be TWO prepositions located next to each other. The first one will probably be an adverb if that is the case.

PREPOSITIONS  A word may either be a preposition or an adverb, depending on how it’s used.  Ex: When they reached the bridge, they marched across.  Adverb  Ex: They marched across the bridge.  Preposition

CONJUNCTIONS  A conjunction is a word used to join words or groups of words.  Conjunctions that join equal parts of a sentence are called coordinating conjunctions.  The coordinating conjunctions are FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

CONJUNCTIONS  Conjunctions that are used in pairs are called correlative conjunctions.  The correlative conjunctions are both…and  Not only…but also  Either…or  Neither…nor  Whether…or

CONJUNCTIONS COPY THIS IN BLANK AREA ON CONJUNCTION PAGE  When punctuating a sentence using a conjunction, use a comma BEFORE the conjunction if it connects two complete sentences. If the two parts are not complete sentences, then do not use a comma.  Ex: I am going to the store and to the movies.  Ex: I am going to the store, and then I am going to the movies.

INTERJECTIONS  An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence.  An interjection is usually followed by a(n) exclamation point.  An interjection that shows only mild emotion is set off by a(n) comma.  Ex: Wow! I can’t believe we won that game in the final second!  Ex: Well, it certainly was an exciting game, wasn’t it?