ANATOMY INTRODUCTION Ana = apart Tomy = cut Anatomy is the study of the structures of a body and relation of its parts. The subject is usually studied by dissection and observation. It is one of the oldest branches of biological science dating back at least to the 4 th century B.C. when the Greek philosopher Aristotle published some of his observation on structures of fish and animals for his work. Aristotle won the distinction of being called the Father of anatomy.

The study of anatomy involves three basic factors of information (name, location or position and function of the anatomic structures). Its includes: 1.Topographic anatomy. 2.Special anatomy 3.Comparative anatomy. 4.Surgical or applied anatomy.

Topographic anatomy: is the method by which study the relation position of different parts of the body are study. Special anatomy: study species of animals like (horse, cow, etc….). Comparative anatomy: describe and compare the anatomical structures in different species. Applied anatomy: study the anatomical facts of body organs in their relations to the surgery, physical diagnosis and other practical branches. Anatomy science divided according to the type of study into: 1.Gross or macroscopic anatomy. 2.Microscopic anatomy or histology. 3.Developmental anatomy or Embryology. 4.Neuro anatomy. Systemic Anatomy: study and describe the different systems in the body. It includes:

1.Osteology: describe the bones and cartilages, which are formed the body skeleton. 2.Arthrology or Syndesmology: describe the joints and ligaments of the body. 3.Myology: describe the muscles and their tendons in the body. 4.Splanchnology: describe the viscera (like digestive, respiratory, urogenital systems), also endocrine glands and peritoneum. 5.Angiology: Describe the heart, blood vessels (arteries and veins), and lymphatic vessels. 6.Neurology: describe the nervous system. 7.Anesthesiology: describe the skin and sense organs.

Anatomy planes: Plane: a surface real or imaginary along which any two points can be connected by a straight line, Includes: 1.Median plane: a plane which longitudinally divides the neck, head or trunk into two equal (right and left) halves. 2.Sagittal plane: a plane parallel to the median plane from each side and it’s divided the trunk into two unequal parts. 3.Transverse plane (segmental plan): a plane vertical or perpendicular to the median plane. 4.Dorsal or frontal plane: a plane perpendicular to the median plane and transverse.

Topographical or directional terms 1.Cranial: the head end of the animal is called cranial end. 2.Caudal: the tail end of the animal is called caudal end. 3.Ventral: is the surface or structure directed toward the plan of ground. 4.Dorsal: relatively closer to the back (top) of head, neck, trunk or tail. On the limbs used instead of cranial on the manus and pes.

1.Palmer: aspect of the manus, on which the supporting surface is located. It's used instead of caudal or volar from the carpus distally; i.e. (the caudal surface of the fore limb below the carpus). 2.Planter: aspect of the pes, on which the supporting surface is located. It's used instead of caudal or volar from the tarsus distally; i.e. (the caudal surface of the hind limb below the tarsus). 3.Medial: relatively closer to the median plane. 4.Lateral: forward away from the median plane. 5.Proximal: relatively closer to the trunk of the limbs. 6.Distal: it is away from the trunk of the limbs.

1.Superficial: near or relatively closer to the outer aspect of the body. 2.Deep: near or relatively closer to the central aspect of the body. 3.External: relatively closer to the outer surface of structure. 4.Internal: relatively closer to the center surface of structure. 5.Axial: relatively closer from the longitudinal axis of the limb. 6.Abaxial: relatively closer from the longitudinal axis of the limb.