G ERUNDS, PARTICIPLES & INFINITIVES

W HEN IS A VERB NOT A VERB ? When it tries to imitate another part of speech! Sometimes verbs do not act like verbs. Instead they act like nouns, adjectives and adverbs. When they do this we call them verbals. There are three main kinds of verbals: Gerunds Infinitives Participles

W HAT IS A GERUND ? Gerunds are verb forms that always end in “ing” and act like nouns. They can be the subject of a sentence. For example:  Sailing is John’s favorite activity. Sailing is used as the subject. The verb is the word is. A gerund can also be used as a direct object and we can even have more than one gerund in a sentence:  John likes fencing and jogging. The words fencing and jogging are used as direct objects in this sentence. What does John like? He likes fencing and jogging.

As subjects or objects of a verb. After prepositions After certain verbs: admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, finish, involve, mind, postpone, risk, suggest.

I - TRY Find the gerunds in the following sentences and underline them. Remember there can be more than one gerund in a sentence. Look for verbs that act like nouns. 1. Skating makes Janet happy. 2. Amber loves swimming, hiking and canoeing at camp. 3. Riding a bike is my favorite exercise. 4. Eating cookies in the car made a mess. 5. Susan enjoys reading and sewing. 6. My teacher planned a gym day of running and jumping.

Subject Mariana main verb 1 spends time verb *2 going complement from store to store. Group 1 Verb + ing Verb as subject: Walking is good for you. Smoking can cause lung cancer. Not sleeping eight hours causes stress. Running marathons makes you fitter.

After prepositions: Let’s talk about starting a new business. Thank you for coming here today. Jane is interested in getting a job here. Jane is good at calculating costs.

Reflecting on the past: I remember seeing that face before. Paola finished doing her work and helped me. Pete can’t stand getting stuck in traffic. I have always enjoyed listening to soft music.

Subject Mariana main verb 1 spends time verb *2 going complement from store to store. don’t mind Peter doesn’t mind waiting for his classmates in the patio. can’t stand Phillip can’t stand waiting in line. don’t bother We don’t bother looking for problems. waste time We don’t waste time watching soaps. enjoy Women enjoy buying clothes for kids.

W HAT IS A P ARTICIPLE ? Participles can be used as adjectives. Every verb has a present participle and a past participle.  The present participle always ends in ing.  The past participle usually ends in d, t, n, ed or en. Although the participle acts like an adjective, it is still part of a verb. It can take a direct object, and it can be modified or described by an adverb. Participles can have two jobs: 1. They can show tense when combined with a helping verb. For example:  John was riding his bike. Riding is a participle. Was is the helping verb. It shows the tense; it shows when John rode his bike.

W HAT IS A P ARTICIPLE ? 2. They can be used as adjectives. Remember adjectives are words that are used to describe nouns. When participles are used as an adjective, they usually end in d, ed, en, ing or t. For example:  Burned toast stinks! Burned is the participle. It describes toast.  Running water looks pretty in a fountain. Running is the participle. It describes the water. Even though running is an action word it is not used as a verb in this sentence. It is used to describe the water instead. It acts like an adjective.

P ARTICIPLES A participle is a verbal that acts as an adjective. The crying woman left the movie theater. The frustrated child ran away from home. A participle is a form of a verb that acts as an adjective. The crying woman left the movie theater. The frustrated child ran away from home.

P AST OR P RESENT P ARTICIPLES Participles ending in an “ ing ” are Present Participles Participles ending in an “ ed ” are Past Participles

I DENTIFY THE P ARTICIPLES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES Sometimes my gurgling stomach keeps me from concentrating While sleeping with the TV on, the tormented child dreamt of monsters. Screaming adults tend to be very impatient.

Find and underline the participles in the following sentences. Look for participles used as adjectives. 1. Ruined spaghetti covered the stove. 2. A broken kite fell out of the tree. 3. Whipped cream tastes yummy on ice cream. 4. The prancing horse trotted past our seats. 5. My dancing class put on a show for the teachers. 6. John makes burnt toast every morning. 7. The breaking story at twelve is about our football championship. 8. A banging door scared Puffy into barking.

W HAT IS AN INFINITIVE ? Infinitives are verb forms that can be used as nouns, adjectives or adverbs. An infinitive combines the word to with the base form of a verb. For example: to walk, to study, to fly, to dance, are all infinitives.  To fly a kite in the State Fair is Janet’s greatest ambition. To fly is the infinitive in the subject of the infinitive phrase, “to fly a kite in the State Fair”. To fly is used as a noun. It is the subject of the verb is.  Here is a book to color. To color is used as an adjective. It describes the book. What book? The book to color.  Janet played to win. To win is used as an adverb. Adverbs usually tell us how, when, or where an action is done. How did Janet play? She played to win.

W HAT IS AN INFINITIVE ? Even when infinitives act like another part of speech, they keep their verb traits. Infinitives are still verbs. They express action or state of being, but they are never the main verb in a sentence. Infinitives can take a direct object and they can be modified by an adverb just like a regular verb.  Mark’s greatest wish was to play the tuba. To play is the infinitive. Tuba is the direct object. Was is the verb.

Future tendency After adjectives To say why you do something After certain verbs: agree, appear, arrange, ask, decide, demand, expect, fail, help, hope, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, threaten, want

I come here to learn English. James called to leave a message. I bought a present to give to you. Paul works to feed his children.

I - TRY Infinitives are used as either nouns, adjectives or adverbs. Can you find and underline all the infinitives used below? 1. To win the drawing contest was Amy’s secret wish. 2. Here is the pitcher to fill. 3. Marian played to win. 4. I want to sail my boat this summer. 5. Here is a book to keep. 6. To pass the history test is John’s hope.

I - TRY Infinitives are used as either nouns, adjectives or adverbs. Can you find and underline all the infinitives used below? 1. To win the drawing contest was Amy’s secret wish. 2. Here is the pitcher to fill. 3. Marian played to win. 4. I want to sail my boat this summer. 5. Here is a book to keep. 6. To pass the history test is John’s hope.

Joana doesn’t need___________ money from the bank. James is planning _____________ out of school.

Mariana wants ________ a long vacation. My family does not enjoy __________ on vacation in July.

My boss can’t stand ________________ in the last minute. Monica loves ___________in the production area.

The Manager doesn’t mind _________ for someone at the airport. ______________ you need more than two years.

_________ text messages has become very popular. ______________a computer, you need some training.

At night I just want to stop __________ and go to bed. I was playing cards and I stopped __________ on my thesis.

My job involves ________ with money. My company doesn’t spend enough money on __________ staff.

I would be happy ________________ a more responsible job. _________________for a business degree is essential.

Michael has finally decided ___________ the job. Let´s talk about ____________ business in Miami.

Luckily, I don’t need ___________ money from the bank. ______________a sales manager, you need good leadership skills.

Please don’t waste time ___________ those books. Mike is interested in _________________ a new computer system.

Students come _______________ a new language. It is nice ________ important but it is more important _________ nice.

___________ always on time is a good habit Many men don’t mind____________ stores with their wives.

Many men want _____________ gadgets as presents. Michael can’t stand _____________ his in-laws.

Many ladies enjoy ___________ time with friends. Joseph doesn’t spend money _______________ presents for people.

James doesn’t bother ______________ to rumors. James is planning _____________ jobs this year.

After two hours of driving we stopped ____________ lunch at a small café. I just can’t stand ________________ phone calls early morning on Sundays.

Thank You..