Bell Work What is the difference between: Nationality Ethnicity Race How would you define your own nationality, ethnicity and race?

Ethnic Tension Between States and Groups Objective: Discuss the differences between race, ethnicity and nationality. Analyze the effects of countries with great ethnic diversity.

Ethnicities and Nationalities in the British Isles 4 principal ethnicities English (descendants of Germanic tribes) Welsh (Celtic people) Scots (Celtic people) Irish (Celtic people) 2 nationalities British (Great Britain/Northern Island) Irish (Republic of Ireland)

Nationalism Politicians and governments try to instill loyalty through nationalism Loyalty and devotion to a nationality, promotes of sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others Ways to show nationalism? Positive impacts of nationalism? Negative impacts of nationalism? Example of a centripetal force – attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for the state

Conflicts Conflict can happen when: There are several ethnicities within one nation Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, (United States??) Ethnic groups are split between several nations India/Pakistan, the Kurds (Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey)

Ethnicities in the Caucasus The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa There have been numerous interethnic civil conflicts in the countries of the Horn of Africa (including the Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia).

Clashes of Ethnicities Ethiopia and Eritrea – After WWII the United Nations awarded Eritrea to Ethiopia. Ethiopia dissolved Eritrea’s legislature and banned the use of their local language. Eritreans rebelled, beginning a 30- year fight for independence. 1993 Eritrea became an independent state. Ethiopia and Eritrea fought again in 1998 about a border dispute and Ethiopia defeated Eritrea in 2000. Sudan – In Sudan a civil war has raged since the 1980’s between, the black Christian and animist rebels in the southern part of the country and the Arab- Muslims in the north. The black southerners have been resisting government attempts to convert the country to one nationality tied to Muslim traditions. As of July 9, 2011, South Sudan has become its own country with Sudan to the north. Somalia – With the collapse of a national government, various clans claimed control over portions of the country. 300,000 people died from famine and warfare between clans.

Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries Lebanon (Maronite Christians (Phoenicians), Shiite Muslims, Sunni Muslims, Druze (Arabs) Concentrated in different areas of the very small country Civil war between 1975 and 1990, End of war – each religion given half of Parliament seats Iraq (Arabs – both Sunni and Shiite Muslims, Kurds) - Live in different areas U.S. invaded and removed Saddam Hussein from power, became involved in a violent struggle among ethnic groups Kurds supported U.S., Sunni and Shiite Muslims opposed but for different reasons Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan

Ethnic groups divided among nationalities Kurds – Sunni Muslims, distinctive literature, dress and other cultural traditions Divided among several countries in western Asia (Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and others) European Allies of WWI created an independent state of Kurdistan but Turks expanded territory under their control before treaty was ratified Kurdistan became part of Turkey and disappeared as an independent state Kurdish culture repeatedly suppressed, use of Kurdish language made illegal Many unsuccessful attempts at independence – an ethnicity with no corresponding Kurdish state – stateless nation

Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries Sri Lanka (Sinhalese, Tamils, Moors) War between Sinhalese (Buddhist, Indo-European language) and Tamils Hindu, Dravidian language) (1983-2009) Sinhalese dominated government, Tamils feel they suffer discrimination Tamils defeated in 2009, feel their defeat jeopardizes their ethnic identity

Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries Iran (Persian, Azeri, Baluchi) Persians – Shiite Muslims Pakistan (Punjabi, Baluchi, Pashtun) Punjabi – most numerous ethnicity since ancient times Punjabi converted to Islam Fighting between Pakistan’s army and supporters of the Taliban forced Pakistanis to leave their homes and move into camps

Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries Afghanistan (Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara) Current unrest dates from 1979 – rebellion by several ethnic groups against the government which was being defended by the Soviet Union Soviet Union withdrew in 1989, Soviet installed government fell in 1992 Faction of Pashtun (Taliban) gained control, imposed strict laws

Ethnic groups divided among nationalities End of British colonial rule divided Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan (2 separate areas) East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971 Pakistan – Muslim India – Hindu Massive migrations because boundaries did not correspond precisely with territory inhabited by the 2 groups – led to killings by extremists Region of Kashmir is disputed between Pakistan and India, 2 sides have maintained a “line of control” Sikhs also fighting for independent state in India

Jammu and Kashmir Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in 1947. India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.

Vice Episode As you watch the episode over the dispute of the Kashmir region between India and Pakistan, describe how the following issues outside of ethnicity and religion play a role in the conflict: Presence of nuclear weapons Fighting between Pakistan’s army and supporters of the Taliban Sustainability of resources such as water https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Nzm2CidMpM