The Impact of the American and French Revolutions in Latin America SOL 7 The Student will develop knowledge of the political and philosophical developments in Europe during the 19 th Century Including : Contribution of Toussaint L’Overture and Simon Bolivar The impact of the Monroe Doctrine

Influence of the American and French Revolutions The slave Rebellion in Haiti – In France, the majority of the Estates General made radical changes in French laws, and on 26 August 1789, published the Declaration of the Rights of Man, declaring all men free and equal. – The French Revolution shaped the course of the conflict in Saint-Domingue and was at first widely welcomed in the island – However, the Haitian Revolution quickly became a test of the ideology of the French Revolution, as it radicalized the slavery question and forced French leaders to recognize the full meaning of their revolution.

The Slave Rebellion of 1791 in Haiti on the night of 21 August 1791, when the slaves of Saint Domingue rose in revolt and plunged the colony into civil war. – Within the next ten days, slaves had taken control of the entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt. – The slaves sought revenge on their masters through "pillage, rape, torture, mutilation, and death – Within weeks, the number of slaves who joined the revolt reached some 100,000. Within two months, as the violence escalated, the slaves killed 4,000 whites and burned or destroyed 180 sugar plantations and hundreds of coffee and indigo plantations.

The Slave Rebellion in Haiti By 1792, slaves controlled a third of the island and their success caused the newly elected Legislative Assembly in France to realize it was facing an ominous situation. To protect France's economic interests, the Assembly needed to grant civil and political rights to free men of color in the In March 1792 and the Legislative Assembly did just that – Countries throughout Europe as well as the United States were shocked by the decision. When France declared war on Great Britain in The white planters in Saint Domingue made agreements with Great Britain to declare British sovereignty over the islands To prevent England and Spain from taking over the French leadership in Haiti freed all the slaves on Haiti. The decision to free the slaves was confirmed and extended by the National Convention under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre; abolished slavery by law in France and all its colonies and granted civil and political rights to all black men in the colonies. The emancipation of slaves was viewed as an example of liberty for other countries.

Toussaint L’Overture Began his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in the French colony of Saint Domingue. He gradually established control over the whole island, expelled British invaders and used political and military tactics to gain dominance over his rivals. Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint Domingue. – He defeated the French, British, and Spanish armies sent to capture Haiti He restored the plantation system using free labor, negotiated trade treaties with Britain and the United States and maintained a large and well-disciplined army.[3] In 1801 he issued constitution for the colony, with himself as governor for life. In 1802 he was forced to resign by forces sent by Napoleon Bonaparte to restore French authority in the colony. He was deported to France, where he died in The Haitian Revolution continued under his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who declared independence in 1804.[3]

Independence for Mexico in 18 The Mexican War of Independence (1810– 1821) was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and the Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 16, The movement, was led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians who sought independence from Spain.

Leader of the Mexican Independence Movement Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, was a Mexican priest and member of a group of educated Creoles who meet in salons and decided in 1810 that a revolt against the colonial government was needed because of the events of the Europe under Napoleon during the Peninsular War. He is considered the father of his country. "

South American Independence Movements A Series of revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. The main cause for the rise of Independence movements in Latin America was Napoleon Bonaparte’s use of his armies to Europe, o invade and occupying many countries, including Spain and Portugal in The Peninsular War, which resulted from this occupation, caused Spanish Creoles in Spanish America to question their allegiance to Spain, creating independence movements that culminated in bloody wars of independence, which lasted almost two decades. At the same time, the Portuguese monarchy relocated to Brazil during Portugal's French occupation. After the royal court returned to Lisbon, the prince regent, Pedro, remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of a newly independent Brazil.

Simon Bolivar Simón Bolívar, was a native born Venezuelan military and political leader Together with José de San Martín, he played a key role in Hispanic-Spanish America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire, and is today considered one of the most influential politicians in Latin American history. Following the triumph over the Spanish Monarchy, Bolívar participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Hispanic-America, a republic, which was named Colombia, of which he was president from 1819 to Bolívar remains regarded in Hispanic- America as a hero, visionary, revolutionary, and liberator. During his lifetime, he led Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia to independence, and helped lay the foundations for democratic ideology in much of Latin America. Bolivar ultimately liberated all the Northern areas of South America

Venezuela’s Independence Venezuela declared its independence from Spain on July 5, 1811, beginning its wars against the country. Bolívar's forces invaded Venezuela from New Granada in 1813, waging a campaign with a ferocity captured perfectly by their motto of "war to the death". Bolívar's forces defeated the Spanish army in a series of battles, taking Caracas, the capital, on August 6, In 1819 Bolívar returned to Venezuela in April 1821, leading a large army of 7,000. At Carabobo on June 24, his forces decisively defeated Spanish and colonial forces, winning Venezuelan independence, although hostilities continued.

Columbia’s Independence In June and July 1819 Bolívar's forces crossed the Andes from the Venezuela into New Granada. At the Battle of Boyacá on August 7, his army of 3,000 defeated a Spanish and colonial force of 2,500. On August 10, 1820, Bolívar's forces took Bogotá. Upon his return to Venezuela, he became the first president of the Gran Colombia.

America’s policy on the New Independent counties of Latin America The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. [1] The Doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved independence from the Spanish Empire “We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.”