CHAPTER NINETEEN Early Latin America World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest to Conquest II. The Destruction and Transformation of American Indian Societies III. Colonial Economies and Governments IV. Brazil: The First Plantation Economy V. Multiracial Societies

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 How did the Europeans SPICE up Middle and South America? As the lecture progresses, note what changes in the Americas, what stays the same, and what evolves throughout the time period,

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest to Conquest Iberia- (Spain and Portugal) -Arab Empire/Muslim Caliphate - Reconquest- Spanish Reconquista - unification: Ferdinand and Isabella - Jewish also expelled- Spanish Inquisition Iberian Society and Tradition Features Strongly urbanized Iberian commoners seek to raise their status Patriarchal culture Slavery Close ties to church

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest to Conquest The Chronology of Conquest (PERFECT for organizing a CCOT!) First stage, Foundations Second stage, New society, institutions take shape Third stage, 1700s Reform, reorganization Discontent, unrest What happens to the natives? Labor systems diseases Spanish style cities established Professional bureaucrats 16th century African slaves Spanish women - new society Bartolomé de las Casas Spanish and Portuguese Exploration,

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest to Conquest The Paths of Conquest Mexico 1519, Hernán Cortés into Mexico By 1535, central Mexico under Spain Kingdom of New Spain Inca Weakened by civil war Francisco Pizarro Cuzco falls, 1533 Lima, Peru

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Conquerors- God, Glory and Gold Contracts between crown and leaders of expeditions Followers get booty Conquest and Morality Indians considered sub-human Jesuits converted them to Catholicism Las Casas' work lessens abuses "The pattern established at the outset has remained to this day, and the Spaniards still do nothing save tear the natives to shreds, murder them and inflict upon them untold misery, suffering and distress, tormenting, harrying and persecuting them mercilessly." According to Las Casas, atrocities continued unabated in the Americas, even half a century after the discovery. - Bartolome de Las Casas ( ) Source: Historia de las Indias, written

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Destruction and Transformation of American Indian Societies The example of Mexico- 15 th & 16 th centuries Indigenous population 25 million to fewer than 2 million Exploitation of the Indians Encomiendas Adds to decline of native populations Mita Native system of forced labor Natives used for state projects Population Decline in New Spain

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Colonial Economies and Governments AT first: Primarily based on Mining LATER: 80 percent work in agriculture & ranching MINING: The Silver Heart of Empire Mexico, Peru AGRICULTURE: Haciendas and Villages Haciendas Spanish agricultural estates Produce for domestic use Give rise to aristocracy Aqueducts brought water to haciendas- technology from Europe

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Colonial Economies and Governments Industry and Commerce Sheep raising Textiles Silver trade preeminent Only for Spaniards Convoys cross Atlantic Protected by galleons Piracy- Francis Drake Silver Production in Spanish America

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Colonial Economies and Governments Ruling an Empire: State and Church Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Spanish Empire King at top Council of Indies Viceroyalties Mexico City, Lima Clergy Religious and secular functions Image of the Treaty of Tordesillas

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Brazil: The First Plantation Economy Sugar and Slavery Sugar Labor intensive African Slavery used: disposable laborers Society- (think: caste system) White plantation-owners dominate Slaves at bottom Great variety in between Administration Staffed by lawyers Regional governors Missionaries run ranches, schools Brazil: The First Plantation Economy B. Brazil's Age of Gold European conflict affects Brazil, 1600s Dutch occupy Brazil until 1654 Dutch, English, French Sugar plantations in Caribbean Price of sugar drops, slaves more expensive

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Multiracial Societies Castas, mixed races The Society of Castas Miscegenation: The interbreeding of people of different racial types. Sexual exploitation of Indian women Mestizo population Peninsulares v. creoles

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The 18th-Century Reforms The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade Spain weakened in 18th century - Conflict with France, England, Holland Holland gains freedom from Spanish rule Loss of overseas territories Defeat of the Spanish Armada Silver imports drop Colonies more self-sufficient

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The 18th-Century Reforms The Bourbon Reforms Charles III (1759 ­ 1788) Reforms Jesuits expelled from Spain, empire, 1767 Spain and France allied now Spain involved in Anglo-French wars Involved in the Seven Years War The 18th-Century Reforms Reforms, Reactions, and Revolts amigos del pais- Mid-18th century Great economic growth Population, production up Traditional leaders threatened by reforms Peru Tupac Amaru- led uprising Brazil No major uprisings

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The 18th-Century Reforms Brazil Jesuits expelled from empire, 1759 Reforms Monopoly companies to develop agriculture Rio de Janeiro the new capital Slavery abolished in Portugal Reforms, Reactions, and Revolts Mid-18th century Great economic growth Population, production up Traditional leaders threatened by reforms New Granada Comunero Revolt, 1781 Peru Tupac Amaru

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 How did the Europeans SPICE up Middle and South America? Create a visual demonstration of the changes in the SPICE characteristics that occurred following the Iberian interactions in Middle and South America.