Topic 1= Energy Security The topic is split into 3 key questions: 1.To what extent is the world's energy 'secure' at present ? Energy supply, demand and security 2. What are the potential impacts of an increasingly 'energy insecure' world? The impacts of Energy Insecurity 3. What might the world's energy future be? Energy Security and the future

1 Energy supply, demand and security Enquiry question: To what extent is the world ‘energy secure’ at present? What students need to learnSuggested teaching and learning There are many energy sources that can be classified in different ways (flows of renewable resources, stocks of non-renewable and recyclable sources) and that have different environmental costs. Investigating types of energy resources, their classification, and contrasting the environmental impacts associated with their production and use. Access to and consumption of energy resources, both renewable and non- renewable, is not evenly distributed, and depends on physical factors, cost, technology and public perception. Some areas suffer from energy poverty, while others have a surplus. Examining the distribution of fossil fuel resources, and renewable potential, globally and in contrasting countries. Demand for energy is growing globally, and at regional and local scales, especially in developed and emergent economies such as China and India. Examining trends in global energy supply and demand by source, type of economy and economic sector. Energy security depends on resource availability (domestic and foreign) and security of supply, which can be affected by geopolitics, and is a key issue for many economies. Developing an awareness that that there is little excess capacity to ease pressure on energy resources and therefore energy insecurity is rising, particularly for finite resources.

Lesson objectives: To understand the term ‘energy security’ and be able to identify the key pressures on a country’s energy security. To be able to identify key areas of energy surplus and areas of energy deficit.

Tony Benn former MP for Chesterfield “it is impossible to separate energy from the national interest.“

What does it mean to be energy secure? To have ENERGY SECURITY means to have access to reliable and affordable energy sources E.g. Russia Countries that do not have this are said to be ENERGY INSECURE Key terms – learn and use

Achieving Energy Security Important factors are: Control over supplies Control over prices Having a variety of energy sources to call on Political stability (in supply region as well as demand region)

Make a spider diagram of factors that may threaten energy security.

Energy security can be threatened by: Rapid increase in prices (oil 2004) Instability of suppliers (Georgia 2008) Manipulation of supply Attack on infrastructure (terrorism) Competition from expanding economies e.g. China Environmental legislation which adds to the costs of finding, transporting and processing the resource

Energy security can be improved by: Greater energy efficiency Greater energy self-sufficiency Decentralization of energy production Short term stockpiles (90 days)

Global energy distribution –Hand out map

So where is potential energy located and where is it produced? The following work goes together with the handouts I gave you on nuclear energy etc…

USAChinaRussi a UKIndiaIraqSaudi Arabi a IranVenez uala Niger ia Austr alia Urani um Natur al Gas Oil Coal Solar Wind Wave s

EuropeAsiaNorth America South America OceaniaAfrica Uranium Natural Gas Oil Coal Solar Wind Waves

Nuclear Power Potential Country Uranium mining in tonnes Australia 725,000 t Brazil157,400 t Canada 329,200 t Kazakhstan 378,100 t South Africa284,400 t Namibia176,400 t Niger 243,100 t Russia172,400 t Ukraine135,000 t Uzbekistan72,400 t USA339,000 t

Rank Country/Region Natural Gas- proven reserves (billion m³) Date of Information — World 175, est. 1 Russia 47, est. 2 Iran 26, Qatar 25, est. 4 Saudi Arabia 6, est. 5 United Arab Emirates 5, est. 6 United States 5, est. 7 Nigeria 5, est. 8 Algeria 4, est. 9 Venezuela 4, est. — European Union 3, est. 10 Iraq 3, est.

Rank Country/Region Oil- proven reserves (billion bbl) bbl Date of Information — World 1, estimated 1 Saudi Arabia est. 2 Canada Iran est. 4 Iraq est. 5 Kuwait est. 6 United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates est. 7 Venezuela est. 8 Russia est. 9 Algeria est. 10 Libya est.

What’s Y’oil problem?? Current oil supplies There are an estimated 1.3 trillion barrels of proven oil reserve left in the world’s major fields, which at present rates of consumption will be sufficient to last 40 years. By 2040, production levels may be down to 15 million barrels per day – around 20% of what we currently consume. It is likely by then that the world’s population will be twice as large, and more of it industrialised (and therefore oil dependent).

Two-thirds of the world’s remaining reserves are in the Middle East: CountryBillions of barrels Saudi Arabia261.8 Iraq112.5 United Arab Emirates97.8 Kuwait96.5 Iran89.7 By comparison, the North Sea has around 4.9bn barrels remaining. Brazil recently discovered a new field with an estimated 5 – 8 billion barrels but such major discoveries are rare.

Country TOTAL Share USA 246, Russia 157, China 114, India 92, Australia 78, South Africa 48, Ukraine 34, Kazakhstan 31, Poland 14, Brazil 10,1131.1

Shade in your world map and describe the distribution of energy production. It is worth noting that how much energy a country produces does not always match with its energy reserves.

Rapidly growing demand; use of pollution sources such as high sulphur coal; health impacts; impact on global fossil fuel prices Reserves; questions of developing these in the Arctic, Antarctic and other sensitive areas Energy poverty; dependency on foreign TNCs to exploit supply (Nigeria, Sudan) Dependency; wastefulness; lack of fossil fuel supply (energy insecurity) Supply security; role of unstable regions in fossil fuel supply; link between nuclear power and weapons. Huge surplus; inefficient use; energy as a political weapon? Energy Issues across the World – which statement goes where?

Dependency; wastefulness; lack of fossil fuel supply (energy insecurity) Huge surplus; inefficient use; energy as a political weapon? Rapidly growing demand; use of pollution sources such as high sulphur coal; health impacts; impact on global fossil fuel prices Energy poverty; dependency on foreign TNCs to exploit supply (Nigeria, Sudan) Supply security; role of unstable regions in fossil fuel supply; link between nuclear power and weapons. Reserves; questions of developing these in the Arctic, Antarctic and other sensitive areas Energy Issues across the world Key issues for learning

Energy Production - Supply Issues of supply? –When it doesn’t meet demand –When it needs transporting to meet demand –The impact on price when demand> than supply –The power and influence production brings –The impact on the price of food

Homework For use with 1.2 and 1.4 With reference to the UK I want you to research one specific type of energy and assess the role it plays in our energy security. Nuclear, Oil, Coal, Natural gas, Wind, Tidal and wave

Key questions How much of our energy comes from this source? How important is it to our economy? Where do we get this energy from? How sustainable is this source of energy? (Will it last into the future, will it help or inhibit the UK from meeting climate change targets, is it affordable) Specific case studies of this energy type in the UK