 Started 1950s  Modern agriculture systems developed with two goals : - To obtain highest yields (high quality and quantity) - To get the highest economic profit  Strategies :  Rapid rise in mechanization  Scientific research  Technology

Modern agriculture started in 1950s (Picture source: california-agricultural-economy.html) Modern agriculture use machinery like tractor to ploughing the agriculture field (Picture source: ulture/)

 Biological sciences  Related sciences: chemistry (fertilizers & pesticides), physics (remote sensing), medicine and pharmacy (biotechnology), engineering (mechanization), ICT (transfer of agricultural technology) and economic (efficient farm management).  However, modern agriculture is blamed for the disturbance in the local ecosystems relating to excessive use of chemicals.

 Characteristics: 1. Intensive and mass production as requisites of agribusiness. 2. Extensive use of machinery and electronics 3. Extensive use of chemicals 4. Widespread use of clones, hybrids and selected high yielding varieties.

5. Employment of highly knowledgeable and skilled workers. 6. Industrial approach with monocultural system and highly efficient management. 7. No attention given to tradition and taboos by professionals who manage the system.

 Agriculture started with human labour (first confined to family members and later extended to hired hands), with heavy duties performed by animals.  Tools and machinery invented decreased burden and increased efficiency.  Information technology  Innovative technologies such as remote sensing and precision farming help increased yields and varieties.  Genetic engineering

GREEN REVOLUTION

 What is Green Revolution? - Agricultural revolution began with the Green Revolution  What caused Green Revolution? - Occurred in 1960’s - Increased food/crop production with improved crop variety and yield.  Now, Blue Revolution- Is aims to provide enough water for consumption and for agricultural irrigation in the world.

Green revolution: New varieties of wheat were produced with a series of research, development and technology transfer initiatives (Picture source: Green revolution greatly increase the global food production (Picture source:

 Fertile Land.  Fertile land decrease  Labour and Mechanisation.  M’sa labour reduced, youth not interested, import labour/food  Need to reduce deficit in our balance of trade  Population Increase.  Malaysia has 28.3 million (2010), world’s population 6.96 billion (2011).  World population expected to be billion by 2050  This requires increase in world food supply.

 Need for Diversity Of Products.  Different livestock must be raised and plants cultivated for a sustainable agricultural system.  dietary preferences (baby food, fast food, health food, vegetarian food, snacks).  Trend Towards Environmental Friendly Practices.  Conventional agriculture :monoculture, high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides. Results pollution.  Technological Advances.  Current technologies are needed to get quality and the required quantity with minimum labour input.

 Eliminate hunger  Increase global carrying capacity  Increase yields  Increase technological knowledge  Get the materials to rural farmers

1) High Yielding and Disease Resistant Varieties 1) New crop cultivars.  Tissue culture (growth hormone + nutrient) -This technique involves breeding without seed to produce exact copies in large numbers (eg: leaf,shoot) -E.g. orchid, tongkat ali, pineapple

 Advantages:  Pest and disease free seedlings.  Uniform growth, increases yield.  Early maturity of crop  Round the year planting  No staggered harvesting.  New varieties can be introduced and multiplied in a short duration.

Orchid being grown from a tissue culture in Asia (Picture source: /) Another plant tissue culture in a botanical garden in USA (Picture source: _Atlanta_Botanical_Garden.JPG /)

Pictures show carrot cloning (Picture source: (Picture source: managed/ /cloned-carrots-grow-in-a-petri-dish)

2) Genetic engineering.  involves manipulating genes to produce new breeds.  For example, a new breed of papaya resistant to Ring Spot virus and maize that can kill stem borers due to B.Thuringiensis gene) Corn borer is a serious problem in maize farming (Picture source: (Picture source: info.org/insect_pests_ethio pia/Chilo_partellus.htm)

Previously, papaya was infected with Ring Spot virus, but now genetic engineering, produce new breeds of papaya which resistant to the virus (Picture source: (Picture source: (Picture source: biovision.org/default/images/133/crops )

3) Usage of Chemicals and Bioagents  improve yield and quality  Biocontrol (Parasitic insects and predators) A worker sprays pesticide on plants in a greenhouse (Picture source: Cr/Chemicals-from-Agriculture.html /) When chemicals are used rates must be control to minimize pollution (Picture source: disease/page/3/ /)

Bioagents: The barn owl controls rats in oil palm and paddy fields (Picture source: tales.blogspot.com/2009/08/punggol-anglers-left- poor-owl-caught-in.html /) Bioagents: Beauveria is a pathogenic fungi which kills insects pests and mites (Picture source: /)

 PRECISION AGRICULTURE  MECHANIZATION AND AUTOMATION  BIOTECHNOLOGY

 An agricultural concept relying on the existence of in- field variability.  New technologies, such as global positioning (GPS), sensors, satellites or aerial images, and information management tools (GIS) to assess and understand variations. Farmers use GPS to create maps and collecting information from farms (Picture source: s/technology_and_science- tech_and_gadgets/t/gps-goes-down- farm /) (Picture source: tropical-fruit-production-in-colombia/)

Precision agriculture involving the use of GPS, GIS, remote sensing, satellite etc (Picture source:

 They save energy and time while producing quality products -irrigation, fertigation and controlled environment systems.  Ability to farm much larger acreages  Less field variability  Fewer people involved in production  Higher total output

Airplane is use to spray pesticides on crops (Picture source: fertilizers-harm-earth) A large and long sprinkler irrigation watering the crops (Picture source: corn-irrigation-image )

 Advanced processing methods and genetically modified organisms to improve yield and quality.  Examples can be seen in the production of high yielding clones, fast and frozen foods, dehydrated fruits, nutriceuticals, antioxidants, vitamins, cosmetics and enzymes.

Agricultural biotechnology involved advanced processing methods (Picture source: ndex.cfm) Agricultural biotechnology produced genetically modified organisms (Picture source: c/agricultural-biotechnology2.htm)

 3rd world countries such as in Africa, Asia and Latin America (In Europe and North America, as entered 20 th century-PRACTICALLY BECOME NON-EXISTENCE)  Characters: 1. Agroecosystem fully utilised. Inputs are acquired in production and processing, and wastes are recycled. 2. The food production is more akin to an art and craft. Knowledge and skills are handed orally from one generation to the next. 3. Food is a question of survival for the community.

4. Land preparation and utilization is through gentle use of human labor and animal as land is considered a living entity. No machinery is allowed. 5. Labor is intensive and control of pests and diseases is by cultural means. 6. Natural resources such as rain and natural enemies of pests are fully capitalized. 7. Organic fertilizers, land fallowing and plant-microb symbiosis play important roles in providing nutrients. 8. Use native varieties related to natural spirit residing in the plants.

 In Al-Quran:  Surah An Nahl (lebah) importance of bees.  Surah Al Baqarah, verse 22.: God creates rain for plants to live- produce fruits for mankind  Surah Al Kahfi, verses 32-41;45.  Surah Yaasin, verses  Surah Luqman, verse 10.: animals and plants

 In Islam :  Agricultuture is Fardu Kifayah (a must)  There must be at least a person in a community who is involve in agriculture as a career.  In Christian:  Since God created nature, agricultural practices should not contribute in any way to the detriment of the environment.  Christian stewardship model (Genesis II; Luke 12; 16). The Christian steward of nature first recognizes the nature, like everything else in heaven and earth, was created by God, belongs to God, and is valued by God for itself.

 Hindu caste system:  The vaishas are Aryans who tended cattle.  A shaman will perform certain agricultural rights when :  Opening a new piece of agricultural land  Starting a crop season  Asking for a rain in times of drought  Requesting for bumper yield

(Picture source: menanam-padi-mylife-ertihidup.html/)

 Old generation – as a way of life.  New generation – business enterprise. Demand for certain agricultural products such as flowers and chocolates. Valentine, mother’s day, father’s day and etc. (Picture source: (Picture source: k-photo-Business-and-agriculture.html)

 Encourages good practices to ensure competitiveness in the global market.  Examples:  Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)  Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP),  Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM)  Malaysian Good Farm Practice Scheme (SALM).

The Department of Agriculture (left), and the Ministry of Agriculture & Agro- based Industry Malaysia (right), are agencies who responsible in managing agriculture industries in Malaysia (Picture source:

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