SEMANTICS Chapter 10 Ms. Abrar Mujaddidi. What is semantics?  Semantics is the study of the conventional meaning conveyed by the use of words, phrases.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Semantics (Representing Meaning)
Advertisements

Topic 5: sense Introduction to Semantics. Definition The sense of an expression is its indispensable hard core of meaning. The sum of sense properties.
The Meaning of Language
SEMANTICS.
Semantics Chapter 5.
Statistical NLP: Lecture 3
SEMANTICS (2) Dr. Ansa Hameed.
Chapter 17. Lexical Semantics From: Chapter 17 of An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, by.
Reference & Denotation Connotation Sense Relations
The Dimensions of Meaning
Term 2 Week 4. SynonymyAntonymyHyponymyPrototypes.
Term 2 Week 3 Semantics.
1 MODULE 2 Meaning and discourse in English LEXICAL RELATIONS Lesson 2.
1 Analysing and teaching meaning SSIS Lazio - Lesson 1 prof. Hugo Bowles January 2007.
Semantics. Philosophical Issues Context Context Reference Reference Deixis Deixis Structuralism Structuralism Linguistic Determinism Linguistic Determinism.
Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning
Semantics. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. In semantic analysis, there is always an attempt to focus on what the.
Semantics. Semantics-concerned with the investigation of meaning in a language without any reference to the context of situation The study of linguistic.
LING 304 SEMANTICS YANBU UNIVERSITY COLLEGE APPLIED LINGUISTICS DEPARTMENT FIRST SEMESTER-131 Prepared by : Ms. Sahar Deknash.
Introduction to linguistics II
LEXICAL RELATION (2) TRUTH CONDITIONAL SEMANTICS:
Session 8 Lexical Semantic
It’s just a matter of…. SEMANTICS. Words can “contain” 2 types of meaning – Conceptual Basic, essential components of meaning conveyed by the literal.
Semantics.
APPLIED LINGUISTICS AMBIGUITY. LOOK AT THIS: WHAT IS AMBIGUITY? A word, phrase, or sentence is ambiguous if it has more than one meaning, in other words.
FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE G. TOGIA SECTION ΠΗ-Ω 10/14/2009 Introduction to linguistics II 1.
5.3 Wording Meaning The Third Week.
Semantics.
Unit Five Semantics, Study of Meaning
Meaning. Semantics (the study of meaning) Semantics: the study of meaning, or to be more specific, the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words.
Semantics and Pragmatics. Semantics Definition: The study of meaning in language. Pragmatics The study of how context contributes to meaning in language.
Teaching Vocabulary What is vocabulary ? Vocabulary can be defined as the words we teach in the foreign language. Vocabulary is the glue that holds stories,
Chapter 6. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. In semantic analysis, there is always an attempt to focus on what the.
Lexical Semantics Chapter 16
Prototypes: While the words canary, cormorant, dove, duck, flamingo, parrot, pelican and robin are all equally co-hyponyms of the superordinate bird, they.
Linguistic Essentials
LEXICAL RELATIONS Presented by ‘the big family’ group 3 Rauwan Harahap (Opung) Riza Nirmala Putri Salmah Silih Warni Siti Anifah Siti Juariyah.
Introduction to Linguistics
Introduction to Linguistics Ms. Suha Jawabreh Lecture 22.
The meaning of Language Chapter 5 Semantics and Pragmatics Week10 Nov.19 th -23 rd.
Word Meaning and Similarity
◦ Process of describing the structure of phrases and sentences Chapter 8 - Phrases and sentences: grammar1.
Semantics Nuha Alwadaani. Semantics Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. Conceptual meaning: covers those basic, essential.
Semantics Lecture 5. Semantics Language uses a system of linguistic signs, each of which is a combination of meaning and phonological and/or orthographic.
Lexical Semantics Team members: 陈俊 许佳莹 朱煜佳 俞金晶 李明霞 包佳鑫.
Grammatical Issues in translation
King Faisal University جامعة الملك فيصل Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education عمادة التعلم الإلكتروني والتعليم عن بعد [ ] 1 King Faisal University.
Dept. of English Prof.Roseline
English Lexical Semantics
Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning
Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning
Chapter 12 - Discourse analysis
Semantics.
Lesson 11 Lexical semantics 1
LEXICAL RELATIONS Presented by ‘the big family’ group 3
Statistical NLP: Lecture 3
Semantics.
LEXICAL RELATIONS IN DISCOURSE
CHAPTER 9-SEMANTICS.
Vaeta Mwatilange Natalia Bachelor of English Honours
Semantics?.
CSC 594 Topics in AI – Applied Natural Language Processing
Chapter Nine Semantics
Lesson 11 Lexical semantics 1
Reference & Denotation Connotation Sense Relations
Semantics.
Linguistic Essentials
Semantics ~all about meaning~.
Rawan Younis Rawan Younis
Intension and Extension
Presentation transcript:

SEMANTICS Chapter 10 Ms. Abrar Mujaddidi

What is semantics?  Semantics is the study of the conventional meaning conveyed by the use of words, phrases and sentences of a language.

Conceptual and associative meaning  Words have conceptual and associative meanings.  In semantics, we deal with conceptual meaning, NOT associative meaning.  Conceptual meaning: covers those basic components of a meaning conveyed by the literal use of a word.  Associative meaning: covers associative connotations related to a word. These associations differ from a person to another.

cont., e.g.  Conceptual meaning: Needle = thin, sharp, steel, instrument Low-calorie = producing a small amount of heat or energy  Associative meaning: Needle = pain, illness, blood, drugs, thread, knitting, hard to find. Low calorie = healthy

Semantic features  Consider the following examples: The hamburger ate the boy The table listens to the radio The horse is reading the newspaper  The oddness of these sentences does not derive from their syntactic structure.  According to the basic syntactic rules for forming English sentences,we have well-formed structures. NP V NP The hamburger ate the boy

cont.,  This sentence is syntactically good, but semantically odd.  Since the sentence The boy ate the hamburger is perfectly acceptable, we may be able to identify the source of the problem.  The components of the conceptual meaning of the noun hamburger must be significantly different from those of the noun boy.  The kind of noun that can be the subject of the verb ate must denote an entity that is capable of “eating”.  The noun hamburger does not have this property, but the noun boy does.

cont.,  We must find a way to determine which noun would be sufficient to serve as a subject for the verb ate.  We use what we call semantic features: boy [+animate] hamburger [-animate]  Semantic features can be used as basic elements involved in differentiating a word in a language from every other word.  Refer to pg. 101

Semantic roles  Instead of thinking of words as “containers” of meaning, we can look at the “roles” they play.  Noun phrases describe the roles of entities, such as people & things, involved in the action.  We can identify a small number of semantic roles (thematic roles) for these noun phrases.

cont.,  Semantic roles: 1. Agent and theme. 2. Instrument and experiencer. 3. Location, source, and goal.

Agent and theme  Agent: -the entity that performs the action - typically human, but can be non-human  Theme: - the entity that is involved or affected by the action - typically non-human, but can be human - Also, the theme is the entity that is simply being described.

Instrument and experiencer  If an agent uses another entity in order to perform an action, that other entity fills the role of instrument. The boy cut the rope with an old razor. He drew the picture with a pencil

cont.,  When a NP is used to represent an entity as the person who has a feeling, perception or state, it fills the role of experiencer.  WHY IS THAT? If we see, know or enjoy something, we are not really performing an action (so, we are not agents).

Location, source, and goal  Location: other semantic roles represent where an entity is e.g. on the table  where an entity moves from is the source  and where it moves to is the goal. e.g. We travelled from London to New York

Lexical relations  Lexical relations characterize words in terms of their relations with other words.  Lexical relations are: 1. synonomy 2. antonymy 3. hyponymy 4. Prototypes 5. homophones and hymonyms 6. polysemy

Synonymy  Synonyms are two or more words with very closely related meanings.  They can often, though not always, be substituted for each other in sentences. e.g. Answer and reply

Antonymy  Antonyms are two forms with opposite meanings.  Antonyms are: 1. gradable 2. non-gradable

Hyponymy  Hyponymy is when the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another. E.g. animal/dog, dog/poodle, vegetable/carrot, flower/rose.  The concept of „inclusion ‟ involved in this relationship is the idea that if an object is a rose, then it is necessarily a flower rose is a hyponym of flower. subordinate superordinate

Prototypes  A prototype is a word that has the “The characteristic instance” of a category. e.g. a canary is a prototypical bird, not a penguin or an ostrich.

Homophones and homonyms  When two or more different (written) forms have the same pronunciation, they are described as homophones  E.g. Bare/bear, meat/meet, flour/flower, pail/pale  We use the term homonyms when one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings.  E.g. : Bank (of a river) bank (financial institution)

Polysymy  Two words or more with the same form and related meanings.  Polysemy can be defined as one form (written or spoken) having multiple meanings that are all related by extension.  E.g.: Head= the object on top of your body Head= the person at the top of a company or department.

Mytonymy  A container-contents relation Bottle/water e.g. He drank the whole bottle. Can/juice  A whole-part relation Car/wheels House/roof  Representative-symbol relation King/crown The President/ the White House The White House has announced..

Collocation  Which words tend to occur with other words. hammer/ nail table/ chair butter/ bread needle/ thread salt/ pepper Break/ rule, break/promise, break/ heart

See you next class.. in Sha’a Allah