Independence Movements India, Africa & Middle East

India Among first nations to win independence from British control

Mohandas Ghandi Non violent protests caught attention of British gov’t and world Ideas reflected traditional Hindu beliefs, Western beliefs such as Christianity, democracy and nationalism Launched series of non violent actions against British Called for boycott on British goods Overtime due to popular support some British power was handed over to Indians 1930’s Gandhi campaigned to end untouchables, stop caste discrimination

Two Nations Emerge Local activists demanded self rule Problem occurred between Muslim minority in Hindu dominated India Indian National Congress wanted unified India Muslims feared discrimination and demanded the creation of separate nation, Pakistan Britain decided on partition or division of the subcontinent ◦Pakistan – Muslim majority ◦India – Hindu majority

Mostly Muslim Mostly Hindu

Refugees from both sides flee to their majority nation India and Pakistan foght over Kashmir, territory in Himalayas 1970’s both nations develop new nuclear weapons

Building a Nation in India Jawaharlal Nehru, first Indian prime minister Supported a western style of industrialization Population rose, gov’t encouraged family planning 1947, banned treatments of untouchables

Democracy Difficulty unifying country – more than 100 languages and dialects spoken Congress separated religion and gov’t Others wanted gov’t built on Hindu principles World’s largest democracy Federal System where powers are given to the states

Africa

After war European colonial powers (Great Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal) were forced to withdraw from former colonies More Africans demanded independence Tired of imperial rule and economic exploitation Led by Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta for independence

Building New Nations Developments or difficulties faced in building ◦Ethnic Division –torn between loyalty to ethnic group and national gov’t ◦Dictators – single party Dictators seized power which resulted in military coup d’etats ◦Democracy – demanded more democratic gov’t and multiparty elections ◦Foreigners – trying to gain influences in areas of business and alliances

5 African Nations

Ghana First African nation to win freedom from British Colony Kwame Nkrumah organized movement for independence Nkrumah advocated socialism and nationalism Exchange of power from 1966 to 1992

Kenya Freedom due to armed struggles British white settlers displaced African farmers Jomo Kenyatta spokesman on behalf of African farmers (Kikuyu) Supported nonviolent methods to end oppressive laws made by whites More violent protests occurred, Kenyatta was arrested by British Eventually made leader of independent Kenya

Algeria Gained Independence from France after brutal struggle Algerian Nationalists set up National Liberation Front 1954, turned to guerilla warfare to win freedom France needed Algeria for oil and natural gas Algeria gained independence in 1962

South Africa South Africa achieved self rule from Britain in 1910 Freedom was limited to white settlers, black majority could not vote Whites made up 20% of population but controlled gov’t and economy White minority passed racial laws and restricted black majority

Apartheid Created apartheid – segregation of races after 1948 Under apartheid all South African were registered by race, black, white, colored (mixed), and Asian Non whites faced many restrictions ◦Receive permission to travel ◦Banned marriages between races ◦Created segregated restaurants, beaches and schools

Fight for Equality African National Congress (ANC) opposed apartheid Government outlawed ANC and cracked down on groups that opposed apartheid ANC leaders Nelson Mandela went underground ◦First had young South Africans peacefully resist apartheid laws ◦Eventually Mandela called for armed struggle against white minority gov’t ◦1960’s Mandela was arrested, tried and condemned to life in prison for treason against apartheid

Mandates Mandates became independent states of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel after WWII Established by League of Nations Syria and Lebanon gained independence from French Mandates Jordan and Palestine became independent from British Mandates

Golda Meir Israel's first prime minister Attempted peace talks with Arab nation to allow Israel's independence South support of U.S. to defend against invading Arab nations Eventually helped maintain Israel's independence and signed Israel's declaration of independence

Gama Abdul Nasser President of Egypt Egypt was key location because of proximity to Suez Canal Wanted to modernize Egypt and stop Western influence Established close relationship with Soviet Union

Mandate System The Mandate System was established by League of Nations after WWI Similar to pre-WWI colonies Mandates were eventually given freedom after WWII which resulted in conflicts throughout the Middle East to create new nations

British Mandates in the Middle Division of Palestine (current day Israel) set off bitter disputes in Middle East Jews, Christians and Muslims all claimed the territory To settle disputes Jews asked that a Jewish nation be carved out of Palestine for Jews Britain who headed the Mandate sent issue to United Nations ◦ o Called for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian State and a Jewish State

Arab-Israeli Conflict New nation of Israel faced opposition from neighboring countries Palestinian state originally set aside by UN was quickly taken over by Israel Egypt took control of Gaza Strip in Southwestern Israel Jordan added the West Bank in Eastern Israel Many Palestinians fled their former homeland

Suez Crisis Over the capture of Egypt ’ s seizure of Suez Canal Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered takeover with help from Soviet Union British and French offered Israel aid to reclaim canal Israel quickly defeated Egyptians and were forced to to withdrawl from area

1973 War Fourth Arab-Israeli War Nasser successor Anwar Sadat planned an Arab attack on Israel and inflicted heavy casualties and reclaimed land they believed they had lost Israel under Prime Minister Golda Meir lauched counterattack and regained most of territory lost Relied upon support from U.S. for successful counterattack

Growth in World Trade Global Economy includes all financial interactions among people, businesses and governments that cross international borders Free trade was introduced to help promote international trade with high tariffs and trade barriers

Eventually many countries began to make trade agreements and economic agreements with one another o NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement – called for elimination of tariffs and trade restrictions between Canada, US and Mexico o IMF- International Monetary Fund – provided loans for large-scale development projects & emergency loans to countries in financial crises o World Trade Organization – established to supervise free trade