The Duel for North America

New France u Edict of Nantes (1598) –Catholics & Huguenots –ended religious wars in France u French found Quebec in 1608 (New France) –Samuel de Champlain: “Father of New France”

u New France Government: –Direct control by king –No elected assemblies –No trial by jury u No protestants allowed u Result: Population grows very slowly

French Influence in the New World u French traders and explorers made pacts with the Huron Indians of the lower Great Lakes u The Iroquois, enemies of the Huron, became enemies of the French

 French fur traders, the Coureurs de Bois and Voyageurs, lived among and intermarried with the Native Americans  Jesuit missionaries sought, often forcibly, to convert the Indians to Catholicism

French Voyageur

u Robert de la Salle (1682) –canoes down the Mississippi searching for the mouth –fails to find the opening through the delta –names region “Louisiana” –is killed in Texas in 1687 after returning to try again French Expansion

u Antoine Cadillac (1701) –founds Detroit by Lake Huron u French move to fortify region –block Spain in Gulf of Mexico –New Orleans & other posts along Mississippi –large amounts of grain

The First World Wars u : The War of the League of Augsburg –King William’s War u : The War of the Spanish Succession –Queen Anne’s War

u British colonials vs. French coureurs de bois & Indians –Indian attacks on Deerfield, Mass. & Schenectady, NY u Indian wars on the frontier u Primitive guerrilla warfare

Treaty of Utrecht (1713) u Ends Queen Anne's War u England gains Acadia, (renamed Nova Scotia) Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay u No fighting for almost 3 decades

u Period of “Salutary Neglect” in America –Robert Walpole: leave colonies alone & England will prosper –England provides security & peace for colonial markets

Other Developments… u 1715: Yamasee War –Indian confrontations continue on the frontier u 1718: New Orleans founded u 1720: French construct Fort Niagara u 1727: British construct a fort at Oswego

Fort Niagara

u 1732: Georgia founded –Buffer against Spanish intrusion. u 1735: “Walking Purchase” –Land taken from Indians in Pennsylvania u 1739: War of Jenkin's Ear –fought between Spain and England over trade rights

:King George’s War u War of the Austrian Succession ( ) u Spain & France against England u 1740: Oglethorpe’s raid on St. Augustine fails

u 1745: New England troops capture Fort Louisbourg on the St. Lawrence River u 1748: Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle –Louisbourg given back to France –enrages colonists

Ohio River Valley u 1748: Ohio Company of Virginia founded –British sought land in the Ohio Valley u French needed to retain link between Canada & the Mississippi Valley

u Americans continue settling in disputed Ohio territory u French answer by building a string of forts

u 1754: Virginians sent to build fort at site of modern Pittsburgh –chosen by young surveyor George Washington u The site is the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny that form the Ohio River

Ohio River Valley

u France sees this as act of war –already had own fort there - Ft. Duquesne u Virginia militia under Washington open fire on French troops –starting the French and Indian War

Fort Duquesne Pittsburgh

The French and Indian War ( ) u Washington is defeated in his first battle - July 4, 1754 at Fort Necessity

Fort Necessity Today

u British Response –Relocate 4000 Nova Scotians in 1755 –Some to Lousiana –Acadians = “Cajuns” u War widened into largest world war –25,000 colonists involved

Seven Years of War

u Albany Congress (1754) –Colonists meet to arrange a common defense Only 7 out of 13 colonies sent delegates to the conferenceOnly 7 out of 13 colonies sent delegates to the conference –Ben Franklin publishes cartoon “Join, or Die.” –Initial purpose: keep Iroquois on British side –Also promote colonial unity against French

Join or Die

u “Albany Plan of Union” –Ben Franklin –Colonial home rule –Defense from French & Indians –agreed to by the delegates –rejected by the colonial legislatures and the English Parliament

Braddock Blunders (1755) u General Braddock’s “redcoats” & colonial “buckskins” routed again at Fort Duquesne u Braddock is mortally wounded

British Redcoats

French Regulars

More Defeats… u French capture Fort Oswego in 1756 u British forces fail in attempts to invade Canada (1756) u Indians raid colonies u military defeats followed until 1757

u 1757: William Pitt becomes British Prime Minister –Plan: focus on Canada –reorganizes the army –new young leaders –“impressment” of colonials –quartering of British troops The Tides Turns…

u British capture Forts Louisbourg & Dusquesne u Iroquois agree to aid British forces

Battle of Quebec (1759)

u British take Quebec in 1759 in the battle on the Plains of Abraham –British General Wolfe & French General Montcalm both killed u Montreal falls in 1760 & French surrender

The Death of General Wolfe

Paris Peace Treaty (1763) u gives all French territory east of the Mississippi to England u Spain takes Louisiana u England gets Florida u France essentially removed from North America u Britain dominates NA & oceans

F/I War 1763 Treaty of Paris 1763 England gains French land from Canada to Florida and Appalachians to the Mississippi River. England gains Florida from Spain.

English & Colonial Friction u Colonists confidence in military strength increased –American colonists felt they had defeated the French and Indians and looked down on English regular army

u Colonists traded with France & Spain during war –Economic gain more important than loyalty to Britain

u Americans wanted to settle new lands acquired in the war –French barrier in west removed –Settlers began moving into eastern parts of Ohio Valley

Pontiac’s War (1763) u Indians, led by Ottawa chief Pontiac, tried to drive British out of Ohio Valley –9 of 11 British forts lost –2000+ colonists killed on frontier –18 months to get situation under control

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Troops1 British Troop Movements in response to Chief Pontiac’s resistance to negotiate

Proclamation Line of 1763 u British refused to allow settlement across the Appalachians u Reasons: –prevent more Indian uprisings –settle land disputes with Indians –organize settlement in area

u Proclamation infuriates colonists u Land was their birthright u Colonists generally ignored it “ Once vigorous measures appear to be the only means left of bringing the Americans to a due submission to the mother country, the colonies will submit.”

Northwest Territory

Aftermath… u British Parliament wanted the settlers to help pay for the cost of the war u Americans meeting and fighting together in the war realized their similarities

1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. Effects of the War on the American Colonials

British March in formation or bayonet charge. March in formation or bayonet charge. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. Drills & tough discipline. Drills & tough discipline. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Indian-style guerilla tactics. Indian-style guerilla tactics. Col. militias served under own captains. Col. militias served under own captains. No mil. deference or protocols observed. No mil. deference or protocols observed. Resistance to rising taxes. Resistance to rising taxes. Casual, non-professionals. Casual, non-professionals. Methods of Fighting: Military Organization: Military Discipline: Finances: Demeanor: British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials

1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! Effects of the War on Britain