Introduction to Biomedical Engineering By : Costica Uwitonze

Biomedical Engineer Biomedical Engineer : Design products and procedures that solve medical problems. These include artificial organs, prostheses, instrumentation, medical information systems, and health management and care delivery systems. 2 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

imaging biomechanics bioinfomatics system engineering tissue engineering prosthetic devices system modelling clinical engineering health engineering Biomedical Engineering Introduction to Biomedical Engineering 3

What is Biomedical Engineering? Many different titles have been used to for engineers working in the medical/biological industry: –Biomedical Engineering –Biological Engineering –Clinical Engineering –Bioengineering 4 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Bioengineering Broad research-related field spanning biotechnology and genetics related to all biological fields –Food and Agriculture (Biological Engineering) –Medical and diagnostic tests –Development of vaccines, enzymes, antibody production –Environmental (e.g. bioremediation) –Basic sciences (e.g. protein interactions with surfaces) 5 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

History of Biomedical Engineering The objective of this lecture is to provide: –An overview of the history of Biomedical Engineering –The profession that Biomedical Engineering has become today 6 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

What do Biomedical Engineer do? The goals of biomedical engineer, in certain cases, do overlap with biologist and physicians. For example, Biomedical Engineers like physicians, measure biological phenomena to diagnose a patient. The distinguishing trait of a biomedical engineers is A desire to reach a quantitative understanding of the properties of biological systems. This quantitative understanding can provide a measurable understanding of which medical diagnostic procedure is more accurate or less harmful. 7 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

The world of Biomedical Engineering  Biosensors  Biomechanics  Biomaterials  Biotechnology  Biomedical Instrumentation  Bionanotechnology  Clinical Engineering  Medical & Bioinformatics  Medical & Biological Analysis  Medical Imaging  Neural Engineering  Physiological Modeling  Prosthetic devices & Artificial Organs  Rehabilitation Engineering  Tissue Engineering 8 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Bioinformatics It is the field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge to form a single discipline. The ultimate goal of the field is to enable the discovery of new biological insights as well as to create a global perspective from which unifying principles in biology can be discerned. Involves developing and using computer tools to collect and analyze data related to medicine and biology. Work in bioinformatics could involve using sophisticated techniques to manage and search databases of gene sequences that contain many millions of entries. 9 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

What? What? Bio+informat+ ics Biology InformationScience apply Mathematics/Statistics/Computer Science to Biology storage, analysis, interpretation of biological information construction of biological information infrastructure solving problems arising from biology using methodology from computer science. It is called as ; Bioinformatics, Biocomputing, Biomedical computing, Computational biology, Information biology, Biological data mining, in silico biology knowledge-based discovery 10 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are the integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a silicon chip. BioMEMS are the development and application of MEMS in medicine and biology. Examples of BioMEMS work include the development of micro robots that may one day perform surgery inside the body, and the manufacture of tiny devices that could be implanted inside the body to deliver drugs on the body’s demand. Timed-Release Drug Capsules Bio MEMS 11 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Biomaterials These are substances that are engineered for use in devices or implants that must interact with living tissue. Examples of advances in this field include the development of coatings that fight infection common in artificial joint implants, materials that can aid in controlled drug delivery, and “scaffolds” that support tissue and organ reconstruction. 12 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Biomechanics It is mechanics applied to biology. Study of motion, material deformation, fluid flow. For example, studies of the fluid dynamics involved in blood circulation have contributed to the development of artificial hearts, while an understanding of joint mechanics has contributed to the design of prosthetic limbs. Application of classical mechanics to biological or medical problems. Study of movement of biologic solids, fluids and viscoelastic materials, muscles forces. Design of artificial limbs. 13 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Biosignal Processing It involves extracting useful information from biological signals for diagnostics and therapeutics purposes. e.g. Studying cardiac signals to determine whether or not a patient will be susceptible to sudden cardiac death. Developing speech recognition systems that can cope with background noise. Detecting features of brain signals that can be used to control a computer. 14 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Clinical Examination Interview General Examination Electrophysical EKG, Blood Pressure, Temperature Medical Image X-ray, CT, ultrasound, PET Sample Analysis Urine, Blood, Feces, Pathological Tissue, Organ 15 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Types of signals Repetitive Nonstationary Stationary Transient Deterministic Stochastic ECGEMG EEG Sleep spindle EEG during sleep Stage 1 Stage 4 16 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

A/D Conversion Quantization Sampling Analog Signal Digital Signal Discrete Signal Continuous in time Continuous in amplitude Discrete in time Continuous in amplitude Discrete in time Discrete in amplitude Maximal frequency Nyquist theorem Signal SNR *analog low pass filtering 17 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Clinical Engineering Clinical engineers support and advance patient care by applying engineering and managerial skills to healthcare technology. Clinical engineers can be based in hospitals, where responsibilities can include managing the hospital’s medical equipment systems. In industry, clinical engineers can work in medical product development, from product design to sales and support, to ensure that new products meet the demands of medical practice. 18 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT TECHNICIAN (BMET) Biomedical Equipment Technician (BMET): Is a technician with two or more years of specialized trainin g who tests and repairs medical equipment He /she responsibilities included but not limited to: install, inspect, maintain, repair, calibrate and support syst ems to adhere to medical standard guidelines. Usually he/she in hospital environment, equipment supply company and healthcare In industry Introduction to Biomedical Engineering 19

Genomics It is a new discipline that involves the mapping, sequencing, and analyzing of genomes–the set of all the DNA in an organism. A full understanding how genes function in normal and/or diseased states can lead to improved detection, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. 20 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Imaging and Image Processing  Images from Inside the human body  X-rays, Ultrasound, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Computerized tomography (CT)  Current Research Directions  Developing low-cost image acquisition systems  image processing algorithms  image/video compression algorithms and standards  applying advances in multimedia computing systems in a biomedical context. MRI 21 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Biotechnology A set of powerful tools that employ living organisms (or parts of organisms) to make or modify products, improve plants or animals, or develop microorganisms for specific uses. Modern biotechnology involves the industrial use of recombinant DNA, cell fusion, novel bioprocess techniques, which can all be used to help correct genetic defects in humans. It also involves bioremediation degradation of hazardous contaminants with the help of living organisms. 22 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Instrumentation, Sensors, and Measurement It involves the hardware and software design of devices and systems used to measure biological signals. This ranges from developing sensors that can capture a biological signal of interest, to applying methods of amplifying and filtering the signal so that it can be further studied, to dealing with sources of interference that can corrupt a signal, to building a complete instrumentation system such as an x-ray machine or a heart monitoring system. Electromyography (EMG ) Sonography Computerized Mandibular Scanning (CMS) 23 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Micro and Nanotechnology Microtechnology involves development and use of devices on the scale of a micrometer (one thousandth of a millimeter), while nanotechnology involves devices on the order of a nanometer. These fields include the development of microscopic force sensors that can identify changing tissue properties as a way to help surgeons remove only unhealthy tissue, and nanometer length cantilever beams that bend with cardiac protein levels in ways that can help doctors in the early and rapid diagnosis of heart attacks. Neurons 24 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Neural Systems and Engineering This emerging interdisciplinary field involves study of the brain and nervous system and encompasses areas such as the replacement or restoration of lost sensory and motor abilities (for example, retinal implants to partially restore sight or electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscles to assist a person in standing), the study of the complexities of neural systems in nature, the development of neurorobots (robot arms that are controlled by signals from the motor cortex in the brain) and neuro- electronics (e.g. developing brain- implantable micro-electronics with high computing power). 25 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Physiological Systems Modeling Many recently improved medical diagnostic techniques and therapeutic innovations have been a result of physiological systems modeling. In this field, models of physiological processes (e.g. the control of limb movements, the biochemistry of metabolism) are developed to gain a better understanding of the function of living organisms. 26 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Telemedicine Sometimes called “telehealth” or “e-health,” involves the transfer of electronic medical data from one location to another for the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients in remote locations. This usually involves the use of “connected” medical devices, advanced telecommunications technology, video-conferencing systems, and networked computing. 27 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

28 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Rehabilitation Engineering It is the application of science and technology to improve the quality of life for people with disabilities. This can include designing augmentative and alternative communication systems for people who cannot communicate in traditional ways, making computers more accessible for people with disabilities, developing new materials and designs for wheelchairs, and making prosthetic legs for runners in the Paralympics. 29 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Computer Assisted Digital OR Suite for Endoscopic MISS Problems: Multiple Data Sources Digital endoscopic OR suite facilitates MISS MD’s Staff RN, Tech EMG Monitoring C-Arm Fluoroscopy MRI Image - PACS C-Arm Images Image Manager - Report Video Endoscopy Monitor EEG Monitoring Left side of OR Image view boxes Teleconferencing - telesurgery Laser generator

What is a Medical Instrument? Definition: Device including instrument, tool, machine or implant for monitoring or sensing, diagnostics, or therapeutics or surgery Purpose: To enhance the capabilities of human beings to help themselves and each other 31 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Types of Instruments: Sensing/Monitoring A device that measures physiological parameter(s) such as pressure, flow, pulse, analyte concentration, or temperature Examples –Thermometer –Blood Pressure –Pulse Oximeter –Glucose Monitor 32 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Types of Instruments: Diagnostics A device that gathers information leading to the identification of a disease or disorder Examples –Imaging (X-Ray, CT, MRI, PET) –Chemical Analyzers (Clinical Chemistry) –Optical Diagnostics –DNA MicroArrays 33 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Types of Instruments: Therapeutics/Surgery A device that is used to treat a disease or disorder. Examples include: –Simple crutch –Drug delivery –Surgical Tools (scalpel, laser) –Orthopedic implants –Soft tissue implants –Pacemakers 34 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Basic Generic Instrument Biological System Transducer Signal Processor Sensing/ Monitoring Diagnosis Therapeutics/ Surgery Feedback 35 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Thank you ! Costica Uwitonze Cell