PDN How would you explain the relationship between the Soviets (Stalin) and the Western Allies (Churchill and Roosevelt)?

10.1 New Global Conflict Summarize how the outcome of World War II contributed to the development of the Cold War. Identify continuing Cold War conflicts in Germany and Eastern Europe. Explain the growth of the nuclear arms race. Analyze how the Cold War became a global conflict. Compare the United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War.

First Objective Summarize how the outcome of World War II contributed to the development of the Cold War.

Wartime Alliance Breaks Apart WW2 = Cooperation among Western Allies and Soviets. Conflicting ideologies and mutual distrust led to Cold War. U.S.A. + USSR (Russia) – Major Rivals during Cold War despite agreements at Yalta conference.

The Cold War Begins Focus begins with Eastern Europe. First, Stalin wanted to spread communism into the area. Secondly, to create a buffer zone against future German attacks.

Continued… As the Red Army (USSR) pushed Nazis out of Eastern Europe they left behind occupying soldiers. Stalin felt the USSR should determine the fate of Eastern Europe just like the Allies were going to determine the fate of Japan and Italy.

Continued… Roosevelt and Churchill rejected Stalin’s view. Made Stalin promise “free elections,” in Eastern Europe but he ignored those requests. Many Eastern European countries were already communist, backed by the Red Army they destroyed rival political parties and assassinated democratic leaders.

Objective Review How did the outcome of WWII contribute to the development of the Cold War?

PDN What led to the Cold War?

New Objective Identify continuing Cold War conflicts in Germany and Eastern Europe.

The Iron Curtain 1946, “Iron Curtain” became a symbol of the Cold War fear of communism. Europe divided into Eastern and Western bloc. East – Soviet-dominated communist countries. West – democracies led by the U.S..

The Truman Doctrine “Communism = evil force,” according to Truman. Truman Doctrine outlined a foreign policy where the United States would support free peoples. – Rooted in Containment – limiting communism.

Marshall Plan Aids Europe Postwar hunger and poverty made Eastern Europe a perfect place for communism. To strengthen democratic governments, U.S. provided a massive aid package (Marshall Plan). – Funneled food and money to Europe to help countries rebuild and prevent spread of communism. – Stalin forbade Eastern European countries to accept aid.

What was the Marshall Plan?

A Divided Germany Another focus of growing tensions between US + USSR. Dismantled factories and moved resources to the Soviet Union as a mean of reparation. Western powers also took reparations but encouraged free Germany to rebuild using Marshall Plan aid.

Continued… Western democracies let the people write a constitution and regain self-government. Eastern Germany installed a socialist dictatorship tied to Moscow.

Berlin Airlift Even though Berlin laid deep into Soviet zone it was occupied by all four victorious Allies. June 1948, Stalin blocked every road and highway into Western Berlin. Western powers responded with round-the-clock airlifts for a whole year. – Bringing food and fuel to western Berliners. – Soviets ended blockade. – Deepened Tensions.

New Alliances 1949, the military alliance of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is formed. 1955, Soviet Union forms its own alliance, the Warsaw Pact. – Used to keep satellite countries in Eastern Europe in order.

The Propaganda War U.S. spoke of defending capitalism and democracy against communism and totalitarianism. The USSR claimed the moral high ground in the struggle against Western imperialism.

Two Opposing Sides in Europe Cold War deepens, US + USSR face off in Europe and other parts of the war. Superpowers avoided direct confrontation. Several incidents brought Europe to the brink of war.

The Berlin Wall West Berlin – Showcase for prosperity East Berlin – Meh – Caused many people flee into Western Berlin. – Soviets built a wall to keep them in.

Continued… Berlin Wall – Massive concrete barrier, topped with barbed wire and patrolled by guards.

Objective Review Identify continuing Cold War conflicts in Germany and Eastern Europe.

New Objective Explain the growth of the nuclear arms race.

Revolts in Eastern Europe Early 1968, Czech leader Alexander Dubcek introduced freedom of expression and limited democracy. – “Prague Spring” Soviet leaders feared democracy would threaten communist power. Warsaw Pact troops ousted Dubcek and ended reforms.

The Nuclear Arms Race Each side wanted to be able to withstand an attack by the other. U.S.A. first to obtain atomic bomb. 1949, Soviets develop their own atomic bomb. 1953, Hydrogen Bomb discovered.

The Balance of Terror Both superpowers spent tons of money to develop new, deadlier conventional weapons. – “Delivery systems” – bombers, missiles, submarines for launching weapons of mass destruction.

Continued… Critics argued that nuclear war would destroy both sides. However, each superpower wanted to deter the other from launching nuclear weapons. (MAD = Mutually Assured Destruction) – If one side launches a nuclear weapon so would the other. – MAD discouraged nuclear Warfare but haunted the world.

Disarmament Talks Superpowers met to discuss reducing arms however distrust slowed progress. – 1963, Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – prohibited the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere (Underground). – 1969, (SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation) Talks to reduce amount of nuclear weapons. – 1972, 1979 – Both sides signed agreements to reduce arms. – 1991, (START – Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) led to the reduction of a large number of nuclear weapons.

An Era of Detente Détente – relaxation of tensions. Agreements to reduce nuclear stockpile. Ended in 1979, when Soviets invaded Afghanistan.

Limiting the Spread of Nuclear Weapons By the late 1960s, Britain, France and China developed their own nuclear weapons. In 1968, dozens of nations signed the (NPT – Nuclear Proliferation Treaty). – Agreed not to develop nuclear weapons and cooperate in the peaceful use of nuclear energy.

Objective Review Explain the Growth of the Nuclear Arms Race.