Good Morning Please take the guided note sheet left for you on my orange chair. 1

Chapter 18 States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa 2

Effects of Early African Migrations Bantu-speaking peoples settle south of equator Agriculture, herding spreads with Bantu migrations Iron metallurgy 3

Cultivation of Bananas Domesticated in southeast Asia Malay sailors colonize Madagascar, C.E.  Introduce bananas, yams, chickens Well-adapted to African climate Food supply increases with this key crop 4

Population Growth 5

Kin-Based Societies Stateless, segmented societies No elaborate hierarchies, bureaucracies Average population of village: one hundred Ruled by elders Network of villages resolve disputes in ad hoc manner Higher government authorities rare 6

Chiefdoms Population pressures after 1000 C.E. increase competition, disputes Small chiefdoms appear, overrule kin-based groups Small kingdoms form  Ife, Benin 7

Kingdoms, Empires, and City-States of Sub-Saharan Africa, C.E. 8

Kingdom of Kongo Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river Conglomeration of several village alliances Participated actively in trade networks Most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms Royal currency: cowries Ruled fourteenth to seventeenth century, until undermined by Portuguese slave traders 9

Islamic Kingdoms and Empires Islam spreads to west Africa  Trans-Saharan caravans  Coastal east Africa through maritime trade Profound influence after eighth century 10

Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa Desiccation of Sahara begins ca B.C.E. Introduction of Arabian camels revolutionizes trade  days to cross Sahara Arabs establish trading communities  Gao 11

The Kingdom of Ghana Not related to modern State of Ghana Developed fourth to fifth century C.E. Protection against camel-driving raiders Center of African gold trade  Imported from south to Ghana Also sold ivory, slaves 12

Koumbi-Saleh Capital of kingdom of Ghana Principal trading center High point ninth to twelfth century  Population 15,000-20,000 Military, cultural center 13

Islam in West Africa Kings of Ghana convert, tenth century Positive impact on trade, relations with north Africa Synthesized Islam with local traditions  Nearby Takrur, aggressive missionaries 14

Sundiata (r ) Empire of Mali extends over kingdom of Ghana  Neighboring kingdoms as well Took greater advantage of trans-Saharan trade Nominally Muslim, but did not force conversions 15

Mansa Musa (r ) Grand-nephew of Sundiata Fervent Muslim Performed hajj in  Constructed numerous mosques  Supported Muslim scholars Empire declines after his rule 16

Mansa Musa 17

The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa East coast maritime trade weak until second century Bantu peoples populate coast Swahili (“coasters”) engage in trade with Arabs  Language a form of Bantu, influenced by Arabic Tenth century, trade increases 18

The Swahili City-States Great wealth, eleventh to twelfth century C.E. Development of city-states Architecture moved from wood/mud to coral, stone Chinese silk, porcelain imported 19

Nok Sculpture 20

Kilwa City-state on east African coast Fishing, limited trade, C.E. Turn to agriculture, increased trade in pottery and stoneware Major trading center by fourteenth century  Exporting over a ton of gold per year by fifteenth century C.E. 21

Zimbabwe “Dwelling of the chief” Stone complex called “Great Zimbabwe” built early thirteenth century C.E., capital Population 18,000 in late fifteenth century Managed trade between internal and coastal regions 22

Islam in East Africa Ruling elites in east Africa accept Islam without forcing general population to convert Often retained pagan religious traditions and practices Islam serves as social glue with other merchants, states 23

Arabian Society and Cultural Development Some kingdoms, empires, city-states with well- defined classes  Ruling elites  Merchant class  Peasant class Other areas in sub-Saharan Africa continue to use traditional kin-based groups 24

Kinship Groups Extended families, clans Idea of private property less prevalent Land held communally Harvests distributed by elders 25

Sex and Gender Relations Men work with specialized skills  Tanning, iron work  Heavy labor Both sexes work in agriculture Male rule more common, but some expanded roles for women  Merchants, some military activity Islamic norms slow to penetrate African society 26

Age Grades From early agricultural period, Sudan Peer groups of single age cohort Crosses lines of family and kinship 27

Slavery Practiced since ancient times Most slaves captives of war  Debtors  Suspected witches  Criminals Used principally in agricultural labor Slaves a form of personal wealth, social status 28

Slave Trading Increased trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade stimulates slave trade, ninth century C.E. Africa replaces eastern Europe as principal source of slaves Creates internal African slave trade  More powerful states attack smaller kinship-based groups  10,000-20,000 slaves per year 29

Arabian Swahili Slave Trade 30

The Zanj Revolt Slaves from Swahili coast exported to work in Mesopotamia  Sugarcane plantations  Salt deposits 869 C.E., slave Ali bin Muhammad mounts revolt of 15,000 slaves Captures Basra Later crushed by Abbasids 31

African Religion Great diversity of religious belief Common element: single male creator god  Lesser deities associated with natural phenomena Ancestor worship Diviners  Religious specialists, principally men  Oracle reading, spells, other rituals Limited emphasis on theology Morality, balance of nature important 32

Early Christianity in North Africa First century: popular in Egypt, north Africa  Initially weak in sub-Saharan Africa The Christian Kingdom of Axum, fourth century C.E.  Ethiopia  Merchants, then kings convert  Bible translated into Ethiopian  Isolated during Islamic period, renaissance during twelfth century C.E.  Massive churches carved out of solid rock 33

The Obelisk at Axum 34

Ethiopian Christianity Isolation from other Christian areas until sixteenth century Independent development Strong African influence  Spirit world  amulets 35

The Longest Hajj: The Journeys of Ibn Battuta Access “The Longest Hajj: The Journeys of Ibn Battuta”, which can be found under the ‘AP World Links’ tab on my class webpage. Once you have accessed the link, learn about the life and journeys of Ibn Battuta by reading the “Introduction” section as well as “Parts 1-3”. Next, visualize Battuta’s journeys by examining the map, which can be found by clicking the link included in the “Introduction” section. Once you have completed these tasks, locate the “The Travels of Ibn Battuta Instagram Assignment”, which can be found under the ‘AP World Documents’ tab on my class webpage, and begin working. 36

Chapter 25 Africa and the Atlantic World 37

African States,

The States of West Africa and East Africa Developed over eighth to sixteenth centuries Kingdom of Ghana  Not related to modern State of Ghana  Major gold trader Mali empire, thirteenth century Songhay empire, fifteenth century  Sunni Ali (r ) created effective army, navy  Musket-bearing Moroccan army destroys Songhay forces; regional city-states exert local control 39

Swahili Decline in East Africa Portuguese Vasco da Gama skirmishes with Africans on eastern coast, returns, forces Kilwa to pay tribute 1505 Portuguese gun ships dominate Swahili ports 40

The Kingdom of Kongo Relations with Portuguese beginning 1483 King Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I, r ) converts to Roman Catholicism  Useful connection with Portuguese interests  But zealous convert, attempts to convert population at large 41

The King of Kongo and European Ambassadors 42

Slave Raiding in Kongo Initial Portuguese attempts at slave raiding Soon discovered it is easier to trade weapons for slaves provided by African traders  Dealt with several authorities besides Kongo Kongo kings appeal without success to slow, but not eliminate, slave trade Relations deteriorate, Portuguese attack Kongo and decapitate king in 1665 Improved slave market develops in the south 43

The Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola) Ndongo gains wealth and independence from Kongo by means of Portuguese slave trade But Portuguese influence resisted by Queen Nzinga (r )  Posed as male king, with male concubines in female dress attending her Nzinga establishes temporary alliance with Dutch in unsuccessful attempt to expel Portuguese  Decline of Ndongo power after her death 44

Regional Kingdoms in South Africa Chieftains develop trade with Swahili city-states 1300: Great Zimbabwe Dutch build Cape Town in 1652, increased involvement with southern African politics  Encounter Khoikhoi people (“Hottentots”) British colonies also develop 45

Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Pre-Islamic paganism, ancestor worship Islam develops in commercial centers Timbuktu becomes major center of Islamic scholarship by sixteenth century African traditions and beliefs blended into Islam Gender relations, standards of female modesty 46

The Fulani Movement to impose strict adherence to Islamic norms in Africa 1680 begins military campaigns to enforce sharia in west Africa Considerable influence extends to south as well 47

Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa Like African Islam, syncretic with African beliefs Antonian movement flourishes early eighteenth century Founded by Dona Beatriz, claiming possession by St. Anthony of Padua (thirteenth-century Franciscan preacher, patron saint of Portugal) Promotes distinctly African Christianity  Jesus a black man, Kongo the holy land, heaven for Africans Christian missionaries persuade King Pedro IV of Kongo to burn Dona Beatriz at the stake 48

Social Change in Early Modern Africa Trade with Europeans brings new goods to Africa New crops from Americas  Manioc becomes staple bread flour Increased food supply boosts population growth despite slave trade 49

Population Growth in Africa 50