The New Imperialism AIMs: A. To understand distinction between the “new” and “old” concepts of imperialism. B. To learn how imperialism has affected different peoples & places, including Africa and China.

[Source of text: red review book] From the mid-1800s into the early 1900s, western nations pursued an aggressive policy of expansion. From the mid-1800s into the early 1900s, western nations pursued an aggressive policy of expansion. European powers were motivated primarily by economic, political, & social factors as well as a strong sense of nationalism. European powers were motivated primarily by economic, political, & social factors as well as a strong sense of nationalism.

Imperialism~ the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country.

“Old Imperialism” c When colonies were established worldwide but European power in those regions was limited.

“New Imperialism” c This imperialism focused mainly on Asia & Africa, where declining empires, local wars, and the _______trade left many states vulnerable. Imperial powers were feeling stronger due to strong, centrally governed states & new industrial economies.

4 Major Factors Leading to Development of the New Imperialism Nationalism & Social Darwinism~ Nationalism & Social Darwinism~ Some countries & peoples thought they were more powerful than others. Military Motives~ National militaries wanted to take over “weaker” nations. Military Motives~ National militaries wanted to take over “weaker” nations.

Economic Motives~ Nations wanted to make money off of other nations’ natural resources, for example. Economic Motives~ Nations wanted to make money off of other nations’ natural resources, for example. “White Man’s Burden”~ Rudyard Kipling offered justification for imperialism & controlling “primitive” peoples “White Man’s Burden”~ Rudyard Kipling offered justification for imperialism & controlling “primitive” peoples

Take up the White Man’s burden— Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Send forth the best ye breed— Go send your sons to exile Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives' need To serve your captives' need To wait in heavy harness To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild— On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child Half devil and half child Take up the White Man’s burden Take up the White Man’s burden In patience to abide In patience to abide To veil the threat of terror To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple By open speech and simple An hundred times made plain An hundred times made plain To seek another’s profit To seek another’s profit And work another’s gain And work another’s gain Take up the White Man’s burden— Take up the White Man’s burden— And reap his old reward: And reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard— The hate of those ye guard— The cry of hosts ye humour The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah slowly) to the light: (Ah slowly) to the light: "Why brought ye us from bondage, "Why brought ye us from bondage, “Our loved Egyptian night?” “Our loved Egyptian night?” Take up the White Man’s burden- Take up the White Man’s burden- Have done with childish days- Have done with childish days- The lightly proffered laurel, The lightly proffered laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Through all the thankless years, Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers! The judgment of your peers! Source: Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden: The United States & The Philippine Islands, 1899.” Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1929). Source: Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden: The United States & The Philippine Islands, 1899.” Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1929).

By open speech and simple By open speech and simple An hundred times made plain An hundred times made plain To seek another’s profit To seek another’s profit And work another’s gain And work another’s gain Take up the White Man’s burden— Take up the White Man’s burden— And reap his old reward: And reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard— The hate of those ye guard— The cry of hosts ye humour The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah slowly) to the light: (Ah slowly) to the light: "Why brought ye us from bondage, "Why brought ye us from bondage, “Our loved Egyptian night?” “Our loved Egyptian night?” Take up the White Man’s burden- Take up the White Man’s burden- Have done with childish days- Have done with childish days- The lightly proffered laurel, The lightly proffered laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Through all the thankless years, Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers! The judgment of your peers! Source: Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden: The United States & The Philippine Islands, 1899.” Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1929). Source: Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden: The United States & The Philippine Islands, 1899.” Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1929).

a Have done with childish days- Have done with childish days- The lightly proffered laurel, The lightly proffered laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Through all the thankless years, Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers! The judgment of your peers! Source: Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden: The United States & The Philippine Islands, 1899.” Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1929). Source: Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden: The United States & The Philippine Islands, 1899.” Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1929).

Africa: Pre-Imperialism

“The Scramble for Africa”

[source for next slide: UCLA search term=“imperial Africa”]

Africa: Post-Imperialism

[Do Not Write] In the 1870s, King Leopold of Belgium sent a mission to the interior of Africa to establish trade agreements with leaders in the Congo River basin. In the 1870s, King Leopold of Belgium sent a mission to the interior of Africa to establish trade agreements with leaders in the Congo River basin. The Belgian presence there set off a scramble among other European powers to establish their own presence…

The Berlin Conference 1884 To avoid conflict among themselves, European leaders met in Berlin, ________ To avoid conflict among themselves, European leaders met in Berlin, ________ to set up rules for colonizing Africa. to set up rules for colonizing Africa. In 1850, most of Africa had been free. Seventy years later, most of the continent was under European rule.

[Congo slides]

The Zulu Empire In the early 1800s in southern Africa, a leader named Shaka organized Zulu warriors into a fighting force. In the early 1800s in southern Africa, a leader named Shaka organized Zulu warriors into a fighting force. He united the Zulu nation and used his power against European slave traders & ivory hunters. He united the Zulu nation and used his power against European slave traders & ivory hunters.

[Do Not Write] The Zulu are best known for their beadwork and basketry. There have also been some figural sculpture questionably attributed to them. Zulu architecture is quite complex, and the dress or fashion of the Zulu has been carefully studied.

[Do Not Write] Zulu language: Kwazulu Population: The Zulu (Zulu: amaZulu) are the largest South African ethnic group of an estimated 10–11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Small numbers also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Mozambique ZuluKwaZulu-NatalSouth AfricaZimbabweZambiaMozambiqueZuluKwaZulu-NatalSouth AfricaZimbabweZambiaMozambique

Zulu Warriors in late 19 th century, with Europeans in background

The Boers In the mid-1600s, Dutch farmers called Boers settled in what is now South Africa (it was the Cape Colony). In the mid-1600s, Dutch farmers called Boers settled in what is now South Africa (it was the Cape Colony). In the 1700s, Dutch herders & ivory hunters moved north & fought African groups such as the Zulus. In the 1700s, Dutch herders & ivory hunters moved north & fought African groups such as the Zulus.

Lord Baden Powell of Britain was also a part of this war. He later founded the Boy Scouts.

The British began to take control of Dutch colonies in the early 1800s, causing more Boers to migrate north. The British began to take control of Dutch colonies in the early 1800s, causing more Boers to migrate north. Fighting between Boers & Zulu continued until late in the 1800s. Fighting between Boers & Zulu continued until late in the 1800s.

[Do Not Write] After the capture of their capital cities the Boers have turned to guerilla warfare, blowing up trains and ambushing British troops and garrisons. In response, the British forces are implementing their so-called 'scorched earth policy', burning farms and confiscating foodstuffs in an attempt to starve the Boer commandos into submission. Thousands of women and children have been removed from the farms and towns where they lived and placed in concentration camps where malnutrition and disease is rife.

The Zulus fought the British & won in Soon, though, advanced British weaponry crushed the Zulu resistance. The Zulus fought the British & won in Soon, though, advanced British weaponry crushed the Zulu resistance.

The Boer War In the late 1800s, the British decided to annex the Boer republics. The Boers resisted & the Boer War began. In the late 1800s, the British decided to annex the Boer republics. The Boers resisted & the Boer War began. The British eventually won & combined the Boer republics with the Cape Colony to form the Union of South Africa. The British eventually won & combined the Boer republics with the Cape Colony to form the Union of South Africa.

Trivia What 2 countries in Africa were never colonized by European powers? What 2 countries in Africa were never colonized by European powers?

Ethiopia & Liberia Ethiopia & Liberia NOTE: Italy invaded Ethiopia a second time after their first failed invasion & then annexed the nation.`

Imperialism in China Source: red review book Since 1644, rulers of the Qing dynasty had refused to adopt western ways. Since 1644, rulers of the Qing dynasty had refused to adopt western ways. In the late 1700s, British merchants began trading opium with China. China wanted to halt imports of the addictive drug. In the late 1700s, British merchants began trading opium with China. China wanted to halt imports of the addictive drug.

The Opium War (1839) In 1839, to keep trade open, the British fought with China in the Opium War. In 1839, to keep trade open, the British fought with China in the Opium War. Britain’s superior military and industrial strength led to a quick victory. Britain’s superior military and industrial strength led to a quick victory.

In 1842, Britain forced China to agree to the harsh terms of the Treaty of Nanjing. In 1842, Britain forced China to agree to the harsh terms of the Treaty of Nanjing. >>China had to: ~pay for Britain’s war costs ~open ports to British trade ~give Britain the island of Hong Kong

“Spheres of influence” In the years that followed, other western powers forced China to sign unequal treaties. The powers carved out spheres of influence, areas in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges. The powers carved out spheres of influence, areas in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges.

“Spheres of Influence”

3 Major Chinese Reactions to Imperialism The Taiping Rebellion ( ): Chinese peasants were angry about poverty & corrupt Qing dynasty officials and rose up in revolt. The Rebellion resulted in millions of Chinese deaths and weakened China.

Anti-Imperialist Action The Boxer Rebellion (1900): Chinese nationalist revolt against foreigners, the representatives of alien powers, and Chinese Christians. Expulsion of all foreigners from China was the ultimate objective of the uprising. Expulsion of all foreigners from China was the ultimate objective of the uprising.China

Sun Yixian & the Chinese Revolution (1911): Sun named president of the new Chinese Republic after leading workers, peasants, students, & warlords in toppling of the monarchy.

Effects of Imperialism [outline together]