The Rise of Civilizations World History Unit 1 8/31/2015 6/8/20161

The Neolithic Revolution The end of the last Ice Age brings green— forrests and grasses During the Neolithic period—named for its tremendous changes-- and immediately after, people gradually shifted from gathering and hunting food to producing food. The Mesolithic period, during which people of domesticated animals and developed farming tools, was a forerunner of the Neolithic Revolution. 6/8/20162

The Neolithic Revolution In different parts of the world, the Neolithic Revolution took place at different times and involved different crops and animals. Farming assured a steady food supply and enabled people to stay longer in one place, but it also required harder and longer work. With the development of agriculture, people began to settle in agricultural villages instead of wandering as nomads. 6/8/20163

The Neolithic Revolution: The Dawn of Agriculture Neolithic farmers made agricultural work easier and more productive by inventing the plow and fertilizing their fields. The relatively steady food supply quickened the pace of technological advance and led to the development of calendars, land ownership, and warfare. Neolithic people believed in deities with the power to hurt or help people. 6/8/20164

The Neolithic Revolution: The Dawn of Agriculture Neolithic Revolution built slowly –Began at different times in different parts of the world –Middle East (8000 years ago) –China (5000 years ago) 6/8/20165

The Neolithic Revolution: The First Villages Food production increases population –By 4000 B.C., world population is estimated at 90,000,000 People could settle in communities –Where soil was fertile and water abundant –Jericho: one of earliest villages; Israel occupied West Bank; 8000 B.C. –Catal Huyuk: early village; Turkey; B.C.; largest village discovered so far 6/8/20166

The Neolithic Revolution: Technological Advances Invented the plow and trained animals to pull Invented the loom and the wheel Baked clay to construct buildings Hammered metals for jewelry and weapons The Iceman Calendars created to track agriculature 6/8/20167

The Neolithic Revolution: Technological Advances Boundaries became important and warfare over boundaries was probable Believed in deities, gods and goddesses 6/8/20168

SECTION 3, EMERGENCE OF CIVILIZATION River Valley Civilizations The Economy of a Civilization The Rise of Cities Systems of Values 6/8/20169

Lesson 1-3 Objectives Understand that the earliest civilizations begin with the evolution of farming settlements into the first cities. Know the kinds of economic, political, and social changes that resulted from the rise of cities. 6/8/201610

Key Vocabulary Civilization: The term comes from the Latin term “civitas” meaning “city.” A civilization is a highly organized society with an advanced knowledge of farming, trade, government, art and science. Economy: The ways in which people use their environment to meet their material needs. Artisan: Workers skilled in a craft. Artisans usually work with their hands. 6/8/201611

Key Vocabulary Cultural diffusion: The exchange of goods and ideas when cultures come in contact with one another. Myth: Traditional stories about how the earth was formed, how people came into being, and what they owed their creator 6/8/201612

River Valley Civilizations Many early civilizations arose from farming settlements in river valleys. Early river valley civilizations depended on the specialization of labor, advanced technology, a government to coordinated large- scale cooperative efforts, and a shared system of values and beliefs. Some societies remained as small agricultural villages or hunter-and- gatherer bands. 6/8/201613

River Valley Civilizations Four river valley civilizations –The Nile River: northeast Africa, present day Egypt –The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: present day Iraq –Indus River: South Asia, present day India –Huang He: East Asia, present day China What gave river valleys the upper hand in developing into civilizations? 6/8/201614

The Economy of a Civilization An economy is the way people use their environment to meet their material needs Economy depends on farmers growing surplus food 6/8/201615

The Economy of a Civilization: First Irrigation Systems Farmers could develop a surplus of crops because early civilizations built massive irrigation systems and dams to prevent flooding. 6/8/201616

The Economy of a Civilization: Specialized labor Workers skilled in a craft, called artisans, became increasingly productive and creative. The period that follows the Stone Age is known as the Bronze age because bronze replaced stone as the chief material for weapons and tools. Expensive, bronze was used by kings, priests, and soldiers. 6/8/201617

The Economy of a Civilization: Specialization of Labor Jewelry, eating utensils, weapons and other goods were hammered out of copper, lead, and gold Alloys were made from various metal mixtures—bronze was the most important—made from copper and tin –Weapons –Tools 6/8/201618

The Economy of a Civilization: Long-Distance Trade At first trading with own communities Land routes emerged Long-distance trade accompanied the rise of early civilizations. People became adept at handling wind power and navigating rivers Goods and ideas were shared across cultures world wide: cultural diffusion 6/8/201619

Living Together in Cities: Planning and Leadership As civilizations grew more prosperous and complex, cities faced the need to supervise and protect agriculture and trade. Nomads would raid cities Early city dwellers fixed these problems in two ways: they organized a groups of government officials to act as supervisors, and they hired professional soldiers to guard their territory and trade routes. 6/8/201620

Living Together in Cities: Levels of Social Standing Ruling class: government leaders, military officials, priests, and often king, justified its power by means of religion. Archaeological studies show evidence of levels of social standing. 6/8/201621

Living Together in Cities: Invention of Writing Many archaeologists think that writing originated with the records that priests kept of religious offerings. First writings were pictographs— combination of marks and pictures 6/8/201622

Systems of Values Among the materials recorded by the priesthoods in early civilizations were myths—traditional stories-- explaining how the world was formed, how people came into being, and what they owed their creator. Creation myths, found in every civilization, are often examined by historians for evidence of a people’s customs and values. 6/8/201623

In Class Discussion List at least four main ideas about the first civilizations 6/8/201624