British Studies Lecture 6: Education Department of English & American Studies, Faculty of Humanities Matej Bel University

Education 1.History 2.The education system in England & Wales 3.Pre-school 4.Primary 5.Secondary 6.Standards & examinations 7.Higher education Lecture 6:Education

History Educational reforms since WWII (England & Wales) ◦The Education Act of 1944 (Butler Act)  grammar schools  secondary modern schools  secondary technical schools (not widely implemented) ◦1964: Labour’s introduction of comprehensive system ◦1988: Introduction of the ‘National Curriculum’  before 1988: secondary schools run by LEA  after 1988: schools able to ‘opt out’  ‘grant-maintained’ Lecture 6:Education

Education system in England & Wales Stages ◦Primary (5 – 11), secondary (11 – 18), tertiary (18+) Compulsory school age ◦before 2013: 5 to 16 ◦5 to 17 (from 2013), 5 to 18 (from 2015) Responsibility ◦the Secretary of State for Education, Department for Business Innovations and Skills, Local Authorities (LEAs) Lecture 6:Education

State-run pre-school education Children under 5 State run & private Types of pre-school institutions ◦playgroups ◦nursery schools ◦nursery departments & kindergartens attached to primary schools Lecture 6:Education

Primary education Free & compulsory from 5 to 11 Types of schools ◦infant + junior schools ◦primary schools ◦first school + middle school + upper school ◦preparatory schools (private) Lecture 6:Education

Age: 11 to 17 (or 18 from 2013) FIGURE1 FIGURE1 Types of school (state-funded) ◦community schools ◦foundation schools ◦academies ◦grammar schools ◦faith schools The secondary education Lecture 6:Education

Types of school (state-funded) ◦free schools ◦city technology colleges ◦state boarding schools Independent schools ◦private, free from state control ◦fee-paying, very expensive The secondary education Lecture 6:Education

Independent schools ◦private, free from state control ◦some known as ‘public schools’ ◦fee-paying, very expensive, elitist ◦a handful still ‘boys-only’, boarding schools ◦may have negative stereotypical images ◦excellent results translate into high Oxbridge intake The secondary education Lecture 6:Education

Prior to 1964: ’11 plus examination’ Since 1988: The national Curriculum ◦core subjects ◦foundation subjects Standard assessment tests (SATs): 7, 11, 14 At 16: the GCSE (SCE in Scotland) Standards & examinations Lecture 6:Education

the GNVQ BTEC International Baccalaureate Cambridge Pre-U A levels FIGURE1 FIGURE1 ◦additional 2 years after GCSE (the ‘sixth form’) ◦3 or 4 subjects Standards & examinations Lecture 6:Education

Higher education studying for a higher degree ◦bachelor’s degree ◦master’s degree ◦doctoral 170 universities & institutions of higher education academic freedom Lecture 6:Education

Higher education Funding ◦public funds ◦since 1998  student contribution (towards tuition fees) ◦tuition fees contributions are means-tested ◦students eligible for maintenance loans Types of universities ◦Oxbridge Lecture 6:Education

Higher education Types of universities ◦Oxbridge ◦the old Scottish universities ◦the early nineteenth century English universities ◦the old civic universities ◦the campus universities ◦the newer civic universities Lecture 6:Education