War Breaks Out in Europe Chapter 24, Section 1

Key Terms  Militarism – the belief that a nation needs a large military force  Central Powers – an alliance of Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I  Allies – an alliance of Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and seven other countries during World War I  Trench warfare – a kind of warfare during World War I in which troops huddled at the bottom of trenches and fired artillery and machine guns at each other  U-boat – German submarines used to block trade  Woodrow Wilson – President of the United States when the war started in 1914; initially supported a policy of neutrality  Neutrality – refusing to take sides in a war  Zimmerman telegram – a message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the United States entered World War I  Militarism – the belief that a nation needs a large military force  Central Powers – an alliance of Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I  Allies – an alliance of Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and seven other countries during World War I  Trench warfare – a kind of warfare during World War I in which troops huddled at the bottom of trenches and fired artillery and machine guns at each other  U-boat – German submarines used to block trade  Woodrow Wilson – President of the United States when the war started in 1914; initially supported a policy of neutrality  Neutrality – refusing to take sides in a war  Zimmerman telegram – a message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the United States entered World War I

Additional Terms and People nationalism– pride in one’s nation or ethnic group stalemate– deadlock propaganda– the spread of information designed to win support for a cause

Bell Ringer These questions focus on events leading to World War I. 1.Look at the map on page 680. In what parts of Europe did the early events take place? 2.Using the map, list the allies of Serbia, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. These questions focus on events leading to World War I. 1.Look at the map on page 680. In what parts of Europe did the early events take place? 2.Using the map, list the allies of Serbia, Russia, and Austria-Hungary.

Section 1: The United States Continue to Expand In the late 1800s, the United States embraced expansionism. America acquired Alaska from Russia and then moved on to the Pacific. The U.S. used military force to gain control of the islands of Samoa and Hawaii. In Asia, the U.S. issued the open door policy to preserve trade with China. Chapter 23 Summary

Section 2: The Spanish-American War The U.S. went to war with Spain in 1898 to protect American investments in Cuba and prevent Spanish re-concentration of the Cubans. A quick U.S. victory gave the United States an overseas empire that included the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the islands of Guam and Wake. Chapter 23 Summary (continued)

Section 3: U.S. Involvement Overseas President Roosevelt arranged the building of the Panama Canal, linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson used different approaches to foreign policy in order to assert U.S. power in Latin America. Chapter 23 Summary (continued)

Discover the factors that led to the outbreak of war in Europe. Find out why World War I was deadlier than any earlier conflict. Learn how the United States moved from neutrality to involvement in the war. Objectives

What were the causes of World War I? In the early 1900s, several factors led to rising tensions among European nations. In 1914, these tensions erupted into the largest war the world had yet seen.

The following factors caused tension in Europe. Imperialism Nations competed for trade and territory. Militarism Nations built up their armed forces. Alliances Nations promised to aid one another in conflict. Nationalism A feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness toward one’s country.

The spark that set off the war occurred in Sarajevo, Bosnia. July 29, 1914 June 28, 1914 A Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

A painting from July 1914, depicts the moment Serbian separatist Gavrilo Princip shoots Franz Ferdinand and Sophie.

The alliance system drew more than 20 countries into war. Two sides formed: the Allies and the Central Powers.

Causes of World War I  1. What were the underlying causes of World War I?  Imperialism  Nationalism  Militarism  Alliances  2. How did the network of alliances make a small event dangerous?  An attack on one nation forced all its allies to come to its aid. Any small conflict could become a larger war.  3.. What nations belonged to the Central Powers? To the Allies?  Central Powers  Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria  Allied Powers (Allies)  Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and seven other countries (Romania, Belgium, Portugal, Greece)  1. What were the underlying causes of World War I?  Imperialism  Nationalism  Militarism  Alliances  2. How did the network of alliances make a small event dangerous?  An attack on one nation forced all its allies to come to its aid. Any small conflict could become a larger war.  3.. What nations belonged to the Central Powers? To the Allies?  Central Powers  Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria  Allied Powers (Allies)  Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and seven other countries (Romania, Belgium, Portugal, Greece)

Fighting began in France. Both sides hoped for a quick victory, but neither could gain an advantage. By early September, German forces were within 30 miles of Paris. French and British troops halted the German advance. This deadlock, or stalemate, lasted for over three years.

The stalemate was made worse by the use of trench warfare. Central Powers’ trenches Allies’ trenches They fought back and forth over the same land. Neither side could successfully cross no man’s land. no man’s land

Stalemate in the Trenches  4. What mistaken assumptions about the war did people make in its early days?  Most people (on both sides) thought it would be over within a few months.  5. How did trench warfare differ from earlier forms of warfare?  Battle lines remained largely unchanged – neither side could win a clear victory.  When troops left the trenches, they rushed into a hail of bullets and clouds of poison gas.  4. What mistaken assumptions about the war did people make in its early days?  Most people (on both sides) thought it would be over within a few months.  5. How did trench warfare differ from earlier forms of warfare?  Battle lines remained largely unchanged – neither side could win a clear victory.  When troops left the trenches, they rushed into a hail of bullets and clouds of poison gas.

Technological advances such as airplanes, tanks, and machine guns made the war more lethal. Poison gas was the most feared weapon. Gases caused blindness, choking, and blisters. In 1925, many nations agreed to ban chemical weapons in war.

A War of New Technology  6. What new technology was used in World War I, and how did it affect the way war was fought?  The tank – could cross difficult terrain and smash anything in its path  Machine guns – fired 600 bullets a minute  Poison gas – burned and blinded soldiers  Airplanes – shot down enemy planes, took aerial photography  U-boats – German submarines which blocked trade  6. What new technology was used in World War I, and how did it affect the way war was fought?  The tank – could cross difficult terrain and smash anything in its path  Machine guns – fired 600 bullets a minute  Poison gas – burned and blinded soldiers  Airplanes – shot down enemy planes, took aerial photography  U-boats – German submarines which blocked trade A British Mark V* tank— carries an unditching beam on the roof that could be attached to tracks and used to free itself from muddy trenches and shell craters.

President Wilson proclaimed U.S. neutrality, but not all Americans agreed. Americans had ethnic loyalties to one side or the other. Many Americans began to take sides. Britain used propaganda to win American support and exaggerated or made up horrifying tales about the Central Powers.

Allies Even though the U.S. was neutral, they supported the Allies by trading with them. United States Central Powers Most American trade was already with the Allies. Then, Britain set up a blockade of German ports.

Conflict grew between Germany and the United States. In 1915, Germany sank the Lusitania, killing 128 Americans. The U.S. was able to convince Germany not to target neutral ships. In 1917, Germany began targeting U.S. merchant ships again, and the U.S. cut off diplomatic relations.

Events in 1917 finally led America to enter the war. Britain intercepted the Zimmerman Telegram. Zimmerman Telegram Germany asked for Mexico’s help in the war. In return, it would help Mexico take U.S. lands. The British showed it to President Wilson.

America’s Path to War  7. What factors suggest that Americans hoped not to be drawn into the war?  Wilson remained neutral; many Americans were not in favor of the way  “I Didn’t Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier;” “Over There”I Didn’t Raise My Boy to Be a SoldierOver There  German attacks started to shift public opinion  Russian leader  8. How did the sinking of the Lusitania affect U.S. public opinion?  Because Americans died in the attack; because it was cruel to attack an unarmed passenger ship  9. What events led President Wilson to ask for a declaration of war in April 1917?  The sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman telegram, additional American ships were sunk by German submarines.  7. What factors suggest that Americans hoped not to be drawn into the war?  Wilson remained neutral; many Americans were not in favor of the way  “I Didn’t Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier;” “Over There”I Didn’t Raise My Boy to Be a SoldierOver There  German attacks started to shift public opinion  Russian leader  8. How did the sinking of the Lusitania affect U.S. public opinion?  Because Americans died in the attack; because it was cruel to attack an unarmed passenger ship  9. What events led President Wilson to ask for a declaration of war in April 1917?  The sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman telegram, additional American ships were sunk by German submarines.

A revolution in Russia removed the final obstacle to America’s entry into the war. Russia’s tsar was a tyrant who opposed democracy. In March 1917, the tsar was overthrown. The U.S. would not have to side with a tyrant to join the Allies.

On April 2, 1917, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war against the Central Powers. Wilson’s goal was to fight “…for the rights of nations great and small and the privilege of men everywhere to choose their way of life and of obedience. The world must be made safe for democracy.”

Revolution in Russia  10. What events in Russia forced Czar Nicholas II to give up his throne?  Russian army was outfought by the Germans; Czar Nicholas II takes control himself, but his poor leadership was blamed for more deaths.  By 1917, there were food shortages and inflation, which led to strikes.  11. Why did Russia withdraw from the war?  The war had devastated Russia, so Lenin wanted to get out.  12. How did Russia’s withdrawal affect the Allied war effort?  It freed German troops to concentrate on the Western front.  10. What events in Russia forced Czar Nicholas II to give up his throne?  Russian army was outfought by the Germans; Czar Nicholas II takes control himself, but his poor leadership was blamed for more deaths.  By 1917, there were food shortages and inflation, which led to strikes.  11. Why did Russia withdraw from the war?  The war had devastated Russia, so Lenin wanted to get out.  12. How did Russia’s withdrawal affect the Allied war effort?  It freed German troops to concentrate on the Western front.

Additional Clips  Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash Course World History #36 Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash Course World History #36  HOW World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209 HOW World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209  Who Started World War I: Crash Course World History 210 Who Started World War I: Crash Course World History 210  America in World War I: Crash Course US History #30 America in World War I: Crash Course US History #30  Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash Course World History #36 Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash Course World History #36  HOW World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209 HOW World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209  Who Started World War I: Crash Course World History 210 Who Started World War I: Crash Course World History 210  America in World War I: Crash Course US History #30 America in World War I: Crash Course US History #30