Chapter 2 History

When did the recorded history of Britain begin? Who successfully invaded Britain? Where did the name “ Britain ” come from?

I. The Founding of the Nation 55 BC: Julius Caesar 43 BC: Claudius I Ruled by the Romans Roman period: 43 BC --- 5th century

Anglo-Saxon period: 5th Why did the Romans leave England? Who were the rulers in the Anglo-Saxon period? What was the dominant language at that time?

Religion Fight for territory between the Vikings and the Anglo- Saxons 1.Who was sent to Britain to convert the Anglo-Saxons? 2.What was the dominant religion in Britain during the Anglo-Saxon period? 1.Who was Alfred the Great? 2.Why was he entitled “ Great ” ? 3.Why was King Edward entitled “ Confessor ” ?

Religion: (conversion) –St. Augustine: first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601 –Roman Christianity Fight for territory between the Vikings and the Anglo-Saxons: –Alfred the Great: united Anglo-Saxon period: 5th

Edward the Confessor: –A pious Christian: built Westminster Abbey –Died without an heir Anglo-Saxon period: 5th

Norman Period: What is the significance of “ Norman Conquest ” ? Norman Conquest: –Establishment of feudalism in England Years of battles: Who won the battles and which monarch started to rule England?

House of Plantagenet : House of Anjou/Plantagenet ( ): –Henry II: father of common law/jury system –King John: Magna Carta Law: not the will of the king, but an independent power Foundation of British constitutionalism Protection of individual rights –Henry III When the House of Commons and the House of Lords were created.

Magna Carta (1215) Progressive significances: –Protection of individual rights –Merchants and craftsmen as political force –Standardization of measurement –Freedom of trade and self-government of the townspeople

Simon de Montfort: –Provision of Oxford to limit the King ’ s power by calling regular meetings of a 15- menber baronial council –Provision of Westminster –Included commoners –Parliament emerged

The Hundred Years ’ War ( ) Who fought during the war? Which party won the war? –Between England and France –England lost. France won. Impacts: –English nationalism –Textile industry –Bourgeois class –Decline of feudalism House of Plantagenet:

The Wars of Roses ( ) Who fought during the war? Which party won the war? –Between two noble families in England –Henry VII (House of Lancaster) won House of Plantagenet:

House of Tudor: (II. Transition to the Modern Age) Religious reformation Who wanted to convert the dominant religion? Why there was a hatred towards Roman Pope? –Roman Catholic Church v.s. absolute monarchy of the King of England –King Henry VIII –Queen Elizabeth I Make compromises Consolidate the power of England

House of Stuart: Civil War Cavaliers v.s. Roundheads 1642 England Monopolies on certain commodities; Parliament dissolved by King Charles I Monarchy abolished, England a republic (1649) Who: When: Where: Why: How:

What is so glorious about the “ Glorious ” Revolution? What is the significance of Bill of Rights? No blood was shed. Constitutional monarchy House of Stuart:

Industrial Revolution: –Reasons Market; Money; Manpower –Inventions: Spinning Jenny; Steam engine –Results: Industrial productivity increased Mass urbanization Changes in class structure (Capitalist class)

III. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire Early colonies The Victorian Age ( ) –Further industrialization –New Imperialism –Colonies in Asia and Africa –Four self-governing dominions

Britain in the World Wars What do you know about the world wars? Why were they called the “ world ” wars?

World War I Who: When: Where: Why: How: The Central Powers v.s. the Allied Powers June 28, 1914 Sarajevo Austrian Archduke ’ s assassination Power balance; interest conflict; colonial rivalry To Britain: manpower drained; ships sunk; sea supremacy lost; national debt; slack business

World War II Who: When: Where: Why: How: Axis v.s. the Allies Sep. 1, Poland Germany wanted its position back Power lost forever: people killed; navy smaller; reserves exhausted; deeply in debt to the U.S.

The Fall of the Empire Independence Movement British Empire British Commonwealth of Nations

Britain Since WWII Foreign policy: “ Three Majestic Circles ” : –Commonwealth circle –Special relationship with the U.S. –Close relationship with Western Europe