World History

English Royal Background William (duke of Normandy France), invades England and defeats The Anglo- Saxons (Battle of Hastings) William had a descendent named Henry II

Henry II Henry invents the jury trial Royal Judge visits shire once a year He picks 12 men (usually neighbors) to answer questions about the accused The jury did not decide guilt or innocence

Henry II Legal decisions made by royal justices were used as precedents in new cases England gradually became unified under one legal system This was called Common Law because the law became consistent and “common” to the whole kingdom

Magna Carta Henry had two sons who would become king: Richard and John Richard the Lion Hearted was popular and fought in the crusades King John was unpopular

Magna Carta King John fought a costly war with France (he lost a lot of land and money) He raised taxes so high that the nobles rebelled In 1215 they forced John to sign a document that guaranteed certain traditional rights This document is called the Magna Carta (Great Charter)

Magna Carta The Magna Carta is significant because it implies that a Monarchs power is not unlimited It is the major source of traditional English respect for individual rights and liberties

Due Process The Magna Carta introduces the concept of Due Process Due process meant that an English citizen has a right to a jury trial and to the protection of the law “No man shall be arrested or imprisoned... except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.”

Parliament King John’s grandson, Edward I, needed money for another war with France He decided to call together all of the lords, as well as some knights and burgesses Historians refer to this as the “Model Parliament”

English Civil War Henry VIII had two daughters –Mary –Elizabeth

English Civil War His daughter Elizabeth became Queen Elizabeth I

English Civil War Elizabeth left a huge debt for her successor She had no children, so James I, her cousin from Scotland became King

English Civil War James struggled with Parliament over money issues The Puritans in Parliament, especially, didn’t like him

English Civil War Charles I, the son of James became King in 1625 Charles needed money because he went to war with Spain and France When Parliament refused to give him money he dissolved it

English Civil War By 1628 Charles I had completely run out of money and was forced to call on Parliament again They forced him to sign a document known as the Petition of Right

English Civil War Petition of Right –He would not imprison subjects without due cause –He would not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent –He would not house soldiers in private houses –He would not impose martial law during peacetime

English Civil War Even though Charles I ignored the Petition of Right it set forth the idea that the law was higher than the King This contradicted Divine Right

English Civil War Charles dissolved parliament again He taxed the English people to raise money He offended the Puritans and the Scottish Presbyterians

English Civil War The Scottish raised an army and threatened to invade He was forced to call on Parliament again for money Parliament passed more laws to limit his power Charles tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament

English Civil War Charles ran to Northern England where people were loyal to him and raised an army His supporters were called Cavaliers His opponents were called Roundheads (they were Puritans)

English Civil War The Roundheads (Puritans) were led by a man named Oliver Cromwell Cromwell captured Charles I and accused him of treason against the Parliament He had his head chopped off

English Civil War Under Cromwell, (Puritan), laws were made that promoted Puritan morality They abolished activities like the theatre, sporting events, and dancing

English Civil War Cromwell ruled until he died in 1658 After he died the Parliament asked Charles II to be King During the reign of Charles II Parliament passed the law of Habeus Corpus

English Civil War Habeus Corpus (“to have the body”) means that a prisoner has the right for a judge to hear the charges against him/ her

Glorious Revolution When Charles II died his son James II became King James was Catholic which upset people James’ oldest daughter, Mary, was a protestant She was married to William of Orange (Netherlands) Seven members of Parliament encouraged William and Mary to take over the government James Ran away to France

Glorious Revolution William and Mary agreed to recognize Parliament as their partner in ruling England had moved from being an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy To make clear the limits of royal power, Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights This document further limited the power of the monarchy

English Bill of Rights 1.No suspending Parliament’s laws 2.No levying of taxes without Parliament’s consent 3.No interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament 4.No penalty for a citizen who petitions the King about grievances