Respiratory System Health Science I
Structures of Upper Respiratory System Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea
The Nose Nasal Cavity- space behind the nose Nasal Septum-divides nasal cavities into R and L sides Turbinates-bones that protrude into nasal cavity, increase surface Cilia-the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles
The Sinuses Cavities in the skull, ducts connect to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten air ▫Frontal ▫Maxillary ▫Ethmoid ▫Sphenoid Gives voice resonance
The Pharnynx “Throat” Passageway for air and food, about 5” long ▫Nasopharynx- above and behind soft palate, Eustachian tubes open in this ▫Oropharynx- oral part of the mouth ▫Laryngopharynx ▫Epiglottis- cartilage flap that prevents food from entering trachea
The Larynx Voice box is the triangular chamber below pharynx vocal cords or glottis ▫Sound is formed by vibrations Adam’s Apple
The Trachea Windpipe; 4 ½ in. long Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – to keep trachea open Lined with ciliated mucous membrane Coughing gets rid of dust-laden mucous Branches off L and R
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SUMMARIZE Odd’s explain to even’s what the structures of the upper respiratory system are Even’s explain to odd’s why these structures are relevant to your health (what would happen if it was gone/broken/malfunctioning)
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Lungs Pleura Mediastinum
The Lungs Cone shaped organs which fill the thoracic cavity Upper part = apex Lower part = base Lung tissue porous and spongy R Lung has 3 lobes L lung has 2
The Lungs Bronchi ▫similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage Bronchial tubes ▫cartilaginous plates Bronchioles ▫thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium Alveoli
The Lungs Alveoli ▫O 2 and CO 2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries ▫Inner surfaces covered with surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing ▫Surrounded by capillaries
The Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs Double-walled sac ▫Parietal pleura ▫Visceral pleura ▫Pleural fluid is between Pleural cavity is space where lungs sit ▫filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction
The Mediastinum Interpleural space, between the lungs Contains the thymus, aorta, pulmonary artery and veins, superior/inferior vena cava, esophagus, trachea, thoracic duct, lymph nodes and vessels
Diaphragm From muscular system Aids with breathing, lung expansion and contraction
SUMMARIZE ODD’S EXPLAIN TO EVEN’S TWO OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURES EVEN’S EXPLAIN TO ODD’S THE REMAINING LOWER RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES
What is the Function of the…. Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Lungs Pleura Mediastinum
Functions of the Respiratory System Respiration Production of sound
Respiration Allows the exchange of gases Inspiration ▫Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward increasing lung volume Expiration ▫Intercostal muscles depress ribs inward, sternum lowers and the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward decreasing lung volume
Respiration 1 inspiration + 1 expirations = 1 respiration Normal adult = respirations per minute Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases newborn = 40-60/min Sleep = respirations Emotion can or rate
Calculate Your Respirations
Situations That Alter Respirations Coughing ▫deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract Hiccups ▫spasm of the diaphragm and spasmodic closure of the glottis – irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve
Situations That Alter Respirations Sneezing ▫air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract Yawning ▫deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood
Types of Breathing Apnea- temporary stop breathing Dyspnea-difficult or labored breathing Eupnea- normal breathing Hyperpnea- increased depth and rate Orthopnea- difficult breathing when horizontal Tachypnea- rapid shallow breathing Hyperventilation- rapid breathing
Summarize Even’s explain to odd’s how to calculate respirtations. What is normal? Odd’s explain to even’s what happens with inhalation and exhalation (think of what moves) Review alterations in breathing pattern
Control of Breathing Neural Factors ▫Medulla Oblongata Respiratory center located on CO 2 or O 2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center ▫Phrenic nerves stimulates the diaphragm ▫Vagus nerve Stimulates nose, larynx, lungs
Control of Breathing Chemical Factors ▫Depends on the levels of CO 2 in the blood ▫Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O 2 ▫^ in CO2 = ^ breathing
Summarize Odd’s explain to even’s what the neural factors are that control breathing Even’s explain to odd’s what the chemical factors that control breathing are
Lung Capacity and Volume Spirometer ▫Measures volume of air during respiration
Lung Capacity and Volume Tidal Volume ▫Amount of air move in and out of lungs w/ each breath~500mL Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) ▫Amount of air you can force a person to take in over tidal volume~ mL Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) ▫Amount of air you can force a person to expel over tidal volume~1000mL
Lung Capacity and Volume Vital Lung Capacity ▫Tidal volume + IRV + ERV~ 4500mL Residual Volume ▫Amount of air that cannot be voluntarily expelled~1500mL Functional Residual Capacity ▫ERV + residual volume~2500mL Total Lung Capacity ▫Tidal volume +IRV + ERV + residual volume ~6000mL
Summarize Odd’s explain to even’s what tidal volume, IRV, and ERV are Even’s explain to odd’s what residual volume, functional capacity, and total capacity are
Respiratory System Disorders Asthma Bronchitis Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Common cold Emphysema Influenza Pneumonia Pneumothorax Sinusitis Tuberculosis
Asthma Inflammatory airway obstruction Caused by allergen or psychological stress 5% of US population has asthma Symptoms include wheezing, dyspnea, difficulty exhaling and chest tightness Treatment is anti- inflammatory meds, inhaled bronchodilators
Bronchitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous, chronic or acute Symptoms-cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound) Chronic- last for 3 months for 2 consecutive years, cure is to stop smoking
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD Term used to indicate chronic lung conditions ▫Emphysema ▫Chronic bronchitis
Common cold Contagious viral respiratory infection Indirect causes - chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep Treatment-stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition AKA Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) Handwashing – best preventative measure
Emphysema Alveoli become over-dilated, lose elasticity, can’t rebound, may rupture Air is trapped, can’t exhale – forced exhalation required Reduced exchange of O 2 and CO 2 Dyspnea increases as disease progresses Treatment ▫alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O 2
Influenza Viral infection causing inflammation of the mucous membrane Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media and pleurisy Treatment is to treat the symptoms
Pneumonia Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria or virus Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid) Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills, dyspnea Treament – O 2 and antibiotics
Pneumothorax Collapsed lung Buildup of air in pleural cavity Unaffected lung still works Caused by trauma to chest wall or lung disease (COPD, CF) Treatment- small will heal self large require chest tube
Sinusitis Infection of mucous membrane that lines sinus cavities Caused by bacteria or virus Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis
Tuberculosis Infectious bacterial lung disease Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats Diagnosis – TB skin test If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample RX – antibiotics
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