Chapter 5

What do you think it means to be an “absolute monarch”? King and/or queen with unlimited power and who seeks to control all aspects of society

Goal: control every aspect of society Believed in divine right: idea that God created the monarchy ; God’s representative on Europe divine ruler answered only to God Why did this happen? Decline of feudalism of Middle Ages Rise of cities Growth of national kingdoms Wealth from colonies (king got up to 1/4 th of every shipload) Eroding power of the Catholic Church Conflicts over religion and territory=constant war; increased taxes to pay armies=unrest, revolts- put down by rulers Absolute rule Regulated religious worship, social gatherings, economy (with bureaucracies)

Father was Charles V, a Hapsburg king, who ruled Spain and it’s colonies, parts of Italy, Austria, the Netherlands As Holy Roman Emperor, he also ruled much of “Germany” signed the Peace of Augsburg ending the religious fighting in Germany and allowing princes to choose the religion their people will follow retired to monastery and divides his kingdom To brother, Ferdinand- Austria and Holy Roman Empire To so, Philip II- Spain and it’s colonies and the Netherlands

Devoutly Catholic Hardworking Seized Portugal 1580 when his uncle died Created an army of 50,000/ had a strong armada 1571 defeated the Ottoman Empire’s fleet 1588 sent the Spanish armada against England but it was defeated

*Wealth allowed king and nobles to become patrons Art El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) Distorted human shape, used emotional symbolism, Catholic faith of Spain shown, used rich colors Diego Velazquez Court painter to Philip IV, painted court life, used rich colors Literature Don Quixote (Miguel de Cervantes) Published 1605, “birth of the modern European novel”

Spanish Empire weakens: Causes/Effects Use pages in your text

Republic Religiously tolerant Each province had an elected governor Increase in Art Rembrandt Van Rijn: mostly middle-class portraits, used light/dark for focus Jan Vermeer: portraits, showed domestic life; also used light/dark Dutch trade boomed: stable government could focus on the economy Tulip Mania

Inspired other European monarchs to seek complete control of their countries Did much of the work of the empire himself- he didn’t trust others to do it Grew rich on the gold/silver coming from his American colonies Able to afford the standing army needed to amass power Dominated arts through his patronage

EQ: What were the characteristics of Philip II’s rule of Spain? How did his rule help spur the concept of absolutism in Europe?

1559 King Henry I died; 4 sons- 3 rule back to back (real power is their mother: Catherine de Medicis) Religious wars begin: Catholics vs Huguenots (French Protestants) 8 between St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre: many Huguenots in city of Paris to witness wedding of Catherine’s daughter to Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) 1589 he inherits the throne- begins dynasty; becomes Catholic 1598 Edict of Nantes: religious tolerance 1610 assassinated…son becomes King Louis XIII

King Louis XIII: weak- appointed Cardinal Richelieu as his minister Moved against the Huguenots (French Protestants) Sought to weaken the power of the nobles; while increasing the power of his middle class agents Sought to limit Hapsburg power-involves France in 30 years war

Louis XIV- The Sun King ( ) Use pages to find the information for your section of the web 1. Louis the Boy King 2. Louis weakens the Noble’s Authority 3. Economic growth 4. Grand style 5. Louis controls the nobility 6. Patronage of the Arts

Goal: expand France’s borders (large pop: 20 million) 1667: invaded Spanish Netherlands Ends DEFEAT By 1680s European alliance to stop French expansion 1689: League of Augsburg- Austria, England, Sweden, Spain, etc. War of Spanish Succession 1700 Charles II of Spain died childless, throne went to grandson of Louis XIV- Philip of Anjou 1701 England, Austria, Dutch, Portugal, German and Italian States unite to stop union of Spain/France thrones Lasts until 1714: Treaty of Utrecht Great Britain (England) gets Gibraltar, an asiento (permission to send slaves to Spanish Americas), Nova Scotia and Newfoundland Austria gets Spanish Netherlands and lands in Italy Philip becomes king of Spain- NO UNIFICATION

Positive Made France powerful Increase in art, literature, statesmanship French culture dominates Europe Military leader Gained colonies Debt- war and building of Versailles People resented taxes and his abuses of power- this will plague his heirs Negative

Answer the EQ

Settled differences between German princes Each prince would determine the religion of their subjects Peace would not last…

Thirty Years’ War Use your textbook pages to complete the graphic organizer- note Causes/ Key Facts-Events/Effects Create a comic strip using these elements

1. Economically different than West 1. Aristocracy passed laws restricting ability of serfs to gain freedom and move 1. Nobles sent crops grown to W. Europe markets 2. No unified states; collapsing empires led to the rise of absolute rulers 3. Austria: Hapsburgs conquered Bohemia, create a Catholic centralized gov’t and army, by 1699 took Hungary; 1711 Charles VI in control 1. Maria Theresa inherited the throne from her father 4. Prussia- arose in late 1600s 1. Headed by Frederick William – amassed power with a large army after the 30 Years’ War 1. Landowning Junkers (nobles) brought aboard as officers in army 2. Son becomes Frederick II (the Great)

Wars of Austrian Succession 1740 Maria Theresa takes the throne Frederick II sends army to Austrian land Hungary and Great Britain aids Maria Theresa; France ally of Prussia Treaty signed 1748-ends aggression, gives Prussia a piece of Austria’s land Seven Years War Global war: fought in N. America, India, Europe B. gets India; F. lost colonies in N. America Austria ally of France and Russia; Britain ally of Prussia

EQ: Why did the monarchs of Central Europe clash during the 17 th and 18 th centuries?

Conquered areas around Moscow Liberated Russia from Mongols Began to centralize the Russian gov’t Work continued under his son and grandson, Ivan IV

Came to the throne as a child while boyars (nobles) struggled for power; he took power at 16 and became the 1 st Czar Ivan’s good period Married to Anastasia Romanov Added lands to Russia, code of law, ruled justly Bad period (after Anastasia’s death) Created his own police force- murdered “traitors” Seized boyar lands, gave to new “nobles” killed his oldest son in an argument; second son unfit for rule * Led reps of cities to choose a new czar- choice: Michael Romanov- begins dynasty

Solo ruler 1696 Goal- westernization 1679 “Grand Embassy” tour to W. Europe to learn their customs and manufacturing methods Knew the people of Russia would fight change; became absolute monarch

1. Put Russian Orthodox Church under state control 2. Decreased the power of landholders; recruited low-ranking men and promoted them and gave them land 3. Modernize army 1. Hired Europeans to train 2. Soldiers for life 4. Introduced potatoes 5. 1 st Russian newspaper 6. Increased status of women- could go to social gatherings 7. Nobles had to wear western fashions 8. Increased education: schools for navigation, arts, sciences 1. Key to progress 9. Built St. Petersburg- window on Europe

Who do you think was more of an absolute monarch: Ivan the Terrible or Peter the Great?

While in power was constantly at odds with Parliament Died in 1603 and left a huge debt for his successor Parliament’s power over the $ kept the monarchy in check

With your group complete your section of the graphic organizer use the textbook pages Events James 1 st problems Charles I fights Parliament English Civil War Cromwell’s Rule Restoration of the monarch : Charles II James II and the Glorious Revolution Note: Ruler Time period The important facts You must have your work checked before you put in on your large paper to be posted

William and Mary partnered with Parliament; constitutional monarchy- laws limit ruler’s power Bill of Rights No suspending of Parliament’s laws 2. No taxes w/o Parliament consent 3. No interfering with P. freedom of speech 4. No penalty for being grievances to the king **Problem: no agreement btw the 2 bodies led to standstill s cabinet emerged: ministers part of Parliament act in ruler’s name-head prime minister