As depicted above, this was created by France to secure its borders against Germany: a)The Treaty of Versailles b)The Maginot Line c)The Red Scare d)The Kellogg-Briand Pact

Unit 5: Between the Wars Culture in the 20s and 30s/Fascism in Italy

How did new views revolutionize modern science and thought? What artistic and literary trends emerged in the 1920s? How did western society change after World War I?

New ideas and scientific discoveries challenged long- held ideas about the nature of the world.

Radioactivity: Marie Curie and other scientists experimented with radioactivity. They found that: atoms of certain elements release charged particles. radioactivity could change atoms of one element into atoms of another.

Sadly, Marie Curie died from radiation poisoning Marie Curie

Relativity: Albert Einstein advanced his theories of relativity:Albert Einstein Measurements of space and time are not absolute.

Psychology: Sigmund Freud suggested that the subconscious mind drives much human behavior.Sigmund Freud Freud pioneered psychoanalysis, a method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders.

Artistic and Literary Trends ART: In the early 1900s, many western artists rejected traditional styles. Instead of trying to reproduce the real world, they explored other dimensions of color, line, and shape. Cubism, abstract art, and surrealism were some of the styles that developed.

Picasso/Cubism

Abstract/Kandinsky/Russian Abstract/Klee/German

Surrealism/Salvador Dali

ARCHITECTURE: Architects rejected classical traditions and developed new styles to match an industrial, urbanized world. The Bauhaus school blended science and technology with design. Frank Lloyd Wright’s work reflected the belief that the function of a building should determine its form.

LITERATURE: Writers exposed the grim horrors of modern warfare. To many postwar writers, the war symbolized the breakdown of western civilization. Some writers experimented with stream of consciousness.

After World War I, many people yearned to return to life as it had been before But rapid social changes would make it hard to turn back the clock.

New technologies helped create a mass culture shared by millions in the world’s developed countries. Affordable cars gave middle-class people greater mobility. The war changed social values and the class system itself.

Rebellious young people rejected the moral values of the Victorian age and chased excitement.

Labor-saving devices freed women from many time-consuming household chores.

Women pursued careers in many arenas. Radios brought news, music, and sports into homes throughout the western world.

FASCISM/ITALY How did conditions in Italy favor the rise of Mussolini? How did Mussolini reshape Italy? What were the values and goals of fascist ideology?

How Did Conditions in Italy Favor the Rise of Mussolini?Mussolini Italian nationalists were outraged by the Paris peace treaties. Inspired by the revolution in Russia, Italian peasants seized land, and workers went on strike or seized factories.

How Did Conditions in Italy Favor the Rise of Mussolini? Returning veterans faced unemployment. Trade declined and taxes rose. The government was split into feuding factions and seemed powerless to end the crisis.

POLITICAL STRUCTURE By 1925, Mussolini had assumed the title Il Duce, “The Leader.” In theory, Italy remained a parliamentary monarchy. In fact, it became a dictatorship upheld by terror. The Fascists relied on secret police and propaganda.

ECONOMIC POLICY Mussolini brought the economy under state control. Unlike socialists, Mussolini preserved capitalism. Workers received poor wages and were forbidden to strike.

SOCIAL POLICIES The individual was unimportant except as a member of the state. Men were urged to be ruthless warriors. Women were called on to produce more children. Fascist youth groups toughened children and taught them to obey strict military discipline.

What Is Fascism?

In the 1920s and 1930s, fascism meant different things in different countries. All forms of fascism, however, shared some basic features:

FASCISM extreme nationalism glorification of action, violence, discipline, and, above all, blind loyalty to the state rejection of Enlightenment faith in reason and the concepts of equality and liberty

FASCISM rejection of democratic ideas pursuit of aggressive foreign expansion glorification of warfare as a necessary and noble struggle for survival

WWII (crashcourse)(crashcourse)