The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution 22

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Europe in 1914

The Road to World War I = MAIN  Nationalism and Internal Dissent  Rivalries over colonies = imperialism  Nationalism-ethnic and nationalistic ambitions in the Balkans  2 Loose alliances=Germany, Austria, Italy (Central Powers) ; France, Great Britain, Russia (Allies)  The elites feared socialist and labor union strikes and violence  Militarism  Conscription- obligatory military service Russia an army of 1.3 million France and Germany, 900,000  Influence of military leaders Development of inflexible plans in the event of war (ex: Shlieffen Plan)

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. World War I,

The Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914  Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans  Austria, was determined not to allow Serbian independence (had their own Slavic minorities and didn’t want their empire to collapse)  Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Sophia of Austria were assassinate, on June 28, 1914 Bosnian terrorist organization (Black Hand)  Austrian declaration of war, July 28, 1914 on Serbia  Austrians see chance to stop Serbian nationalistic movements  Germany promises support to Austria  Russian mobilized, and refused to back down, Germany declared war  Schlieffen Plan- Germany’s plan to fight a two-front war with France and Russia (the two had formed an alliance in 1894); strike France first (through neutral Belgium), then Russia  Britain had no choice but to declare war on Germany

The Great War  : Illusions and Stalemate  Prewar- Many political leaders believed that there were so many political and economic risks and that it was not worth fighting; others believed that “rational” diplomats could prevent war= Neither happened  Trench warfare- result of little change on the Western front  Failure of the Schlieffen Plan- did not work for Germany  First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914-German army stopped 20 miles from Paris  Russian failures  Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, Russian army defeated in eastern Germany  Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914-another loss for Russian in Germany (they no longer were a threat to Germany)  Austria was initially defeated by the Russians in Galicia and thrown out of Serbia; With German aid Austrians pushed Russians back to Russia. (Russian casualties 2.5 million)

World War I, 1914 – 1918

1916 – 1917: The Great Slaughter  Trench warfare  “No man’s land”- 400 miles of trenches from Switzerland to the English Channel, land between the trenches were “no man’s land”  No plan for fighting a trench war- both sides used barbed wire, poison gas,  Trenches were muddy, and soldiers had to deal with decomposing bodies  Battle of Verdun, 1916, 700,000 killed (Germany vs. France)  Horrors of trench warfare- read The Reality of War: Trench Warfare (pg. 633)

The Widening of the War  Russia, Great Britain, and France declare war on Ottomans  Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915 (Britain tries to knock out Ottomans, but fails)  Bulgaria enters the war, September 1915, on the side of the Central Powers  Italy enters the war, May 1915, against Austria-Hungary  Middle East  T.E. Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia ( )- led Arab uprisings against Ottomans  Allies seize German colonies in Africa -- Togoland, Cameroons, South West Africa, German East Africa, and Pacific- France drafted 170,000 Africans; British used Indians, New Zealanders, and Australians  Entry of the United States  Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, Germans sink passenger ship  First Germany agree to stop unrestricted submarine warfare; but don’t follow through  United States enters the war, April 6, 1917; Russia is out due to Bolshevick Revolution, 1917

The Home Front: The Impact of Total War  Extension of government power  Politics- military conscription now in Britain  Economics- free-market capitol systems were put aside; wage and price controls, food rationing, and nationalization of industries  Internal dissent Defense of the Realm Act in Britain (DORA)- allowed government to arrest war dissenters as traitors, censor and suspend publications  Propaganda- every nation used propaganda (“Daddy what did you do in the Great War?”)  New roles (jobs) for women  Chimney sweeps, truck drivers, farm laborers, factory workers  Wages less than men  Lost jobs when men returned home  Gained the right to vote in Britain, Germany, and Austria  New styles and customs led to the “flapper” of the 1920s

The Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution  Problems of Tsar Nicholas II  Military problems- Russia was unprepared for the war, suffered 8 million casualties  Influence of Rasputin- wife Alexandria under his influence since he was the only one who could heal for sick son  Strikes in Petrograd, March, 1917, Led by women, Demand “Peace and bread”  Soldiers joined the strike; Nicolas order to crush demonstrations, but troops refused  Duma takes control after Nicolas abdicates on March 15, 1917  Provisional government takes control led by Alexander Kerensky ( )- decided to stay in war (bad decision)  Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution- Vladimir Ulianov Lenin (V.I. Lenin) ( ) led the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party (wanted a violent revolution)- had three slogans “Peace, Land, Bread”; “Worker Control of Production”; “All Power to the Soviets”  Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917; Lenin announced new government (the Council of People’s Commissars); he was the leader  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 gave eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic provinces to Germany

Civil War  Bolsheviks-Communist (Red) Army vs. Whites (from royalists to anti-Lenin socialists)  Royal family executed in July 1918  Leon Trotsky led the well-disciplined fighting Red force  White army were not unified nor as disciplined  How the Bolsheviks won-  War Communism- nationalized banks and most industries, requisition of grain from peasants,and centralized state power  Red Terror-used a new Red secret police, Chekka, destroyed any opposition to the new regime  Allied invasion  100,000 troops were stationed in Russia, Communist government appealed to patriotic Russians to fight against foreign control of their country By 1921, the Communists were in full control of Russia

The Last Year of the War  Last German offensive, March - July, 1918  Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918, with help of American forces, Germany was defeated  William II abdicated, November 9, 1918; a German Republic was proclaimed  Armistice was agreed, November 11, 1918

The Peace Settlement  Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied nations met  Woodrow Wilson, introduced his Fourteen Points, seemed favorable among most  Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his nation’s security  Clemenceau and Britain’s Lloyd George determined to punish Germany  Agreement to create the League of Nations

The Treaty of Versailles  Five separate treaties signed with each of defeated nations (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with Germany  Treaty with Germany signed June 28, 1919  Article 231, War Guilt Clause- Germany had to pay reparations  Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy, eliminate the air force  Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections of Prussia given to Poland  Demilitarized zone on the Rhine  Germany viewed this treaty as an unfair “dictated peace”

The Other Peace Treaties  Territorial changes in Europe  Austro-Hungarian Empire disappears  Germany and Russia lose territory New Nations: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary, larger Romania, and Yugoslavia (an enlarged Serbia)  As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern European state was left with a minorities problem  Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire  League of Nation “Mandates” France given control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain received Iraq and Palestine

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Territorial Changes in Europe and the Middle East after World War I

The Futile Search for Stability  Uneasy peace, uncertain security  Weaknesses of the League of Nations- America, Soviet Union, Germany not members  Allied Reparations Commission, April settled a sum of 132 billion marks ($33 billion), payable annually 2.5 billion by Germany  Germany paid in 1921, but couldn’t make any further payments  Outraged France, sent troops to occupy Ruhr Valley, Germany’s chief industrial and mining center  Dawes Plan, August 1924; reduced Germany’s reparation payments and stabilized German economy through loans  Treaty of Locarno, 1925; guaranteed Germany’s western borders with France and Belgium  Disarmament; many nations were expected to disarm after Germany, but they did not

DAWES PLAN

The Great Depression  Two events set the stage for the depression  Problems in domestic economies- agricultural prices dropped due to over production of wheat  International financial crisis- investment in American stocks meant fewer loans to Germany  Problems of the 1920s  Crash of the American stock market, October 1929 led American investors to withdraw their funds from Germany and other Europeans markets  Worldwide problems  High unemployment  Bank failures  Governments relied on:  Balanced budgets, lowering of wages, and raising tariffs  Increased involvement of the government into economics  Renewed interest in Marxist principles

The Democratic States  Britain  Had an unemployment rate of 10 percent  Formed National coalition government in 1931, used traditional policies and ignored John Maynard Keynes ( ) theories of deficit spending  France  Revolving coalition governments during the 1930s  Popular Front (on the Left) formed in 1936, and made reforms but did not solve depression problems  Germany  Weimar Republic- no outstanding political leaders  Runaway inflation,  After a short period of Prosperity from , The Great Depression hit and led to the rise of extremist political parties  United States  New Deal (FDRs) instituted necessary reforms, but did not solve unemployment  Works Progress Administration (WPA)- employed 2 to 3 million people on public projects  Social reforms- responsible for American Welfare and the Social Security Act

Socialism in Soviet Russia  Problems facing Russia after the Civil War- industrial production only 20 percent  New Economic Policy (NEP)  Modified capitalism; although heavy industry, banking, utilities, and miners remained in hands of government  Lenin and the Communists renamed state to The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics aka USSR-production had raised to 75 percent, famine was brought to an end  Alexandra Kollontai ( ) worked for Women’s rights and social welfare  Death of Lenin, 1924 and struggle for power  Joseph Stalin ( )  Eliminated Leon Trotsky as a rival  By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized power

In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural and Intellectual Trends  Breakdown of middle-class values  Nightmares and New Visions  Abstract painting  Dadaism Tristan Tzara ( )  Surrealism Salvador Dalí ( )  Probing the Unconscious  James Joyce ( ), Ulysses  Hermann Hesse ( )  Mass entertainment

Discussion Questions  What role did new technology play in World War I?  Why role did Europe’s African and Asian colonies play in the conflict?  How did military setbacks contribute to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution?  What were the objectives of the major powers at the Versailles peace conference?  How did France, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, and the United States respond to the challenges presented by the Great Depression?