Chapter 28, Section 1: Postwar Social Changes  Optimism in west shattered by WWI  Staggering costs of war $$$$$$  Entire generation of men – gone!  In reaction – Europe & US – rapid changes in culture

The Roaring Twenties  1920s – New sounds of jazz  African American musicians combined Western harmonies with African rhythms  Trumpeter – Louis Armstrong  Pianist – Duke Ellington  People loved it…went to nightclubs  Influenced much of our popular music today

One symbol of disillusioned, rebellious Jazz Age….. THE FLAPPER  Rejected rules of Victorian Age…wanted excitement!  First in American, then Europe  Highly visible – small majority  Liberated, modern fashion  Dancing, carrying on

 1920s – Washing machines, vacuum cleaners, canned foods reduced women’s workload at home  New EMANCIPATION for women:  Careers…pilots, writers, reporters  Sports….golf, tennis  Arts  Men still dominated society

 Eighteenth Amendment, Prohibition, ratified in 1919  Sale of alcoholic beverages illegal  Meant to reduce negative effects of drinking  Instead…..caused explosion of organized crime  Speakeasies = illegal bars  Amendment repealed in 1933

 Early 1900s – Christian Fundamentalist Movement swept rural areas  Believe all the events in Bible are literally true  Preachers traveled around – held revivals  Some even preached on radio

 1925 – Tennessee biology teacher, John T. Scopes, tried for teaching evolution in classroom  Broke law that banned any teaching that went against Bible’s version of creation  Found guilty  Well-publicized Scopes trial  Actually hurt fundamentalist movem ent

 Postwar writers – war symbolized moral breakdown of Western civilization  1922 – English poet, T.S. Eliot published The Waste Land = modern world spiritually empty & barren  Ernest Hemingway = shows rootless wanderings of young people in The Sun Also Rises

New Scientific Theories  Marie Curie & Radioactivity – early 1900s, Polish-born French scientist….found that atoms of certain elements (radium, uranium) spontaneously release charged particles  She died of radiation poisoning

New Scientific Theories  Einstein – 1905 & 1916, first introduced his theories of relativity  Measurements of space & time are not absolute but are determined by the relative position of the observer Energy = Mass x Speed of Light squared

New Scientific Theories  1928 – Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin  Accidentally discovered non-toxic mold that kills bacteria = penicillin  We now develop antibiotics which are used all over the world to treat infections

New Scientific Theories  Austrian physician Sigmund Freud - suggested subconscious mind drives behavior  Constant tension between repressed drives & social training  Can cause psychological & physical illness  Pioneered psychoanalysis – study how the mind works  Help to cure mental illness  Many of his theories have been discredited – but helped with mental health awareness

 Pablo Picasso & Georges Braque– new art style = CUBISM  Painted 3-D objects as complex patterns of angles & planes, fragmented parts

 Abstract art = composed only of lines, colors & shapes, sometimes no recognizable subject matter at al  Dada movement = rejected all traditional conventions – believed that was no sense or reason in the world  Shocked & disturbed viewers Abstract Painting by Vasily Kandinsky Jean Arp – Dada sculpture Max Ernst Dada Paintings

 Surrealism – rejected rational thought in favor of irrational or unconscious ideas  Reaction to horrors of WWI Spanish surrealist Salvador Dali

 American Architect Frank Lloyd Wright – felt that function of a building should determine its form  He used materials & forms that fit a building’s environment Wright’s famous falling water home Famous for stained glass & lamps