Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carl P. Gabbard PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation revised by Alberto Cordova, University of Texas at San Antonio Chapter 8 Early Movement Behavior

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reflexive / Spontaneous ( Stereotypic ) Rudimentary Postural control Locomotion Manual control Early Movement Behavior Figure 1.2

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reflexive Behavior Involuntary movement reactions Controlled in the subcortical areas of CNS Most infant reflexes disappear (phased away) by the 6 month in the typical developing child. Some reflexes– coughing, sneezing, blinking– persist throughout life.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Importance of Reflexes in Infant Development Plays a role in: Stimulating the CNS and muscles Infant survival Used as a diagnostic tool for assessing neurological maturity

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Reflexes Primitive Survival and protection Postural Reaction to gravity and changes in the equilibrium Locomotor Resemble later voluntary locomotion movements

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8.1

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Grasping Reflex Instincts for Survival and Protection Sucking Rooting Moro Grasping Tonic neck Figure 8.2

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Moro Reflex The Babinski reflex Figure 8.4 Figure 8.1

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tonic Neck Reflexes Figure 8.3

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Labyrinthine Righting Reflex Gravitational forces and changes in the equilibrium “Righting” of the body Figure 8.5

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.7 Figure 8.6 Pull-Up Reflex Parachute Reflex Pull-Up Reflex Parachute Reflex

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Locomotor Reflexes Resemble later voluntary locomotor movements Crawling Stepping (walking) Swimming Figure 8.9 The stepping reflex

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Crawling Reflex Figure 8.8

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Swimming Reflex Figure 8.10

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Theoretical Views Connections between involuntary responses and voluntary movement Continuity View (direct role) Traditional View (must disappear) Dynamical Systems Reflexes need not disappear Indirect role

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spontaneous Movements (Stereotypies) Stereotypic rhythmic (repetitive) motions that appear in the absence of any known stimuli No apparent purpose Not voluntary or goal- oriented Figure 8.12

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (Stereotypies) Transitional Behaviors Observed as early as 10th fetal week (kick) Peak between 6 to 10 months postnatal Figure 8.11

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rudimentary Behavior Initial voluntary movement responses From birth to 2 years Appear in a very predictable sequence Postural control Rudimentary locomotion Manual control

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Postural Control Requires dynamic interaction of neural and musculoskeletal systems Cephalocaudal direction Figure 8.13 Sequence of Rudimentary Postural Control

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.13 Sequence of Rudimentary Postural Control, Continued

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sequence of Rudimentary Locomotor Abilities Crawling Body drag Creeping Abdomen clear Walking With support, alone (well), backward, stairs, and perfected Figure 8.14

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.15 Initial (Immature) Walking Patterns

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Walking, Change in Arm Position Figure 8.16 Base of support narrows Foot contact changes Foot angle changes Double knee-lock variation is acquired

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8.2

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upright Locomotion Figure 8.17 Dynamic systems research Self-organizing behaviors ‘emerge’ Subsystems Rate controllers Balance Strength

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Manual Control Development of reaching, grasping, and releasing of objects Prehension Initial voluntary use of the hands (basic) Manipulation Skillful use of the hands

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8.3

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Manual Control Non-Goal-Directed Behavior Involuntary grasping (7th fetal month until the 4th month) Spontaneous arm and hand movements Parallel voluntary efforts Goal-Directed Behavior Apparent in infants within 4 to 5 months Use of corralling—to pull the object in With experience, infants begin to learn to adjust grasping

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basic Grasping Techniques and Changes in Object Positioning Palmar grasp Without thumb opposition, uses thumb and fingers to hold object against palm Pseudo thumb opposition Thumb opposes fingers, but not finger tips Pincer grasp Advanced Thumb to forefinger Figure 8.18

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Use of Visual Information Figure 8.19

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Motor Asymmetries Brain lateralization Lateral (hemispheric) preference / dominance Prenatal / Infant Before birth Reflexes and spontaneous movements Functional asymmetries Handedness, footedness, eye preference

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Theoretical Views Nature (genes) vs. Environment Maturational gradient Annett’s Right-Shift theory Direction: degree of preference Direction (right, left, mixed): biological Degree: experience

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary Early movement behavior is categorized by movements associated with reflexes, spontaneous actions, and rudimentary behavior. Spontaneous movements are stereotypic. The first two years of life are characterized by the development of several rudimentary behaviors that follow the general trend of cephalocaudal-proximodistal growth and motor control. Several motor asymmetries (linked to brain lateralization) are evident during the first two years of life. With regard to its origin, the primary debate focuses on whether these behaviors stem from biological factors or the environment (learning).