Population Unit 2 Review AP HuG Shania Charete, Amanda Benson, Julian Williams

Why and Where People Live Where They Do Demography is a big part of human geography Demography studies population density(arithmetic density) You can find population density by using the equation country population/country size

Physiologic Population Density Physiological population density is better than arithmetic population density because physiological population density tells population density based on the amount of agriculturally productive land a country has. While arithmetic population density is the total population to the land size.

Population Distribution Population distribution is where people live in the world Population distribution is where people live in the world The population distribution is not even around the world The population distribution is not even around the world Dot maps are used by geographers to show population distribution Dot maps are used by geographers to show population distribution

Population & Malthus The world has been warned about over population for a long time Over the past 200 years there has been a large increase in population mostly in underdeveloped countries Malthus thought that over population would occur because population grew exponentially, while food grew linearly BUT, Malthus never put into account the industrial revolution, mechanization, or globalization.

Crude Birth Rate/Crude Death Rate/Crude Rate of Natural Increase Crude birth rate is the total number of births per 1,000 people Crude birth rate is the total number of births per 1,000 people Crude dead rate is the total number of deaths/1,000 people Crude dead rate is the total number of deaths/1,000 people Crude rate of natural increase is CBR-CDR= RNI/1,000 people Crude rate of natural increase is CBR-CDR= RNI/1,000 people

Population Pyramids The most important thing in population is the sex and age of the people The sex ratio is males:females Population pyramids show both the sex ratio and the age of a countries population, and help determine the future population (population projections)

Stages of the Demographic Transition Model Stage 2 countries: have demographic momentum because all the young people will have babies Stage 3 countries: more adults and elderly, less kids Stage 4 countries: more adults than children

Demographic Data The global birth rate minus the global death rate determines global growth rate. Infant Mortality is the number of babies that die within their first year of life. As one would assume more developed countries have a lower infant mortality rate then countries less developed and lack proper child care. Doubling Time is the amount of time it takes for a nation’s population to double. Doubling time helps to predict a nation’s demographic momentum a) Formula:

Population Influences Things that influence a lot of Less developed countries and their birth rates are: a) Low income b) religious intolerance c) lack of social status d) inadequate education e) poor transportation f) lack of access to birth control Nations that have a gender gap of any for usually affect the birth rate, causing it to be higher than the normal. Government intervention also can influence the birth rates whether it be limiting or increasing it. Examples of this include China’s one child policy and Denmark’s encouragement for sexual intercourse.

Population influences part II Four factors that lead to increased population – Medical Advances – Quantity and quality of food – Ethic and religious issues – Economic Issues Three factors lead to decreased population – Natural Hazards & Disasters (Famine & Plagues) – War or Political Turmoil – Economic Issues

J-Curve Countries are represented the curve based on their openness & stability Closed/unfree/und emocratic nations have high stability, but low openness Initially, as openness increases stability will dip for a short period of time. As time goes on openness & stability will both increase

Push and Pull Factors People who are forced to flee their homeland for fear of persecution or death, and seek asylum (refugees). Environmental migration is normally voluntary. It can be caused by recreational oppurtunities or change of venue due to weather Political Environmental Economic Migration based upon career opportunities and chances to earn a higher salary

 Forced migration is when one group is forcibly moved from one location to another  Transmigration is when people are relocated from one place to another within a country. Intercontinental Migration is the movement across an ocean or Continent Interregional Migration is the moving between regions of the same country Intraregional Migration is Rural To Urban Migration Cyclic Migration is Seasonal migration of livestock to follow food

Migration Models 1.Most migration is over a short distance 2.Migration occurs in a series of steps 3.Long-distance migrants usually move to centers of economic opportunity 4.Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction, or counter stream 5.People in rural areas migrate more than people in cities 6.Men migrate over longer distances than women 7.Most migrants are young adult males 8.Cities grow more by migration than by natural increase 9.Migration increases with economic developments 10.Migration is mostly due to economic causes The model states the spatial interaction is directly related to the size of the populations and inversely related to the distance between them Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration -Also known as gravity model

Migration Models Stage 1: No Industrialization to Little migration Stage 2: Excessive population growth to More people migrate Stage 3 & 4: Good Economies, but slow NRI to Interregional Migration or immigration 3: Rural to Urban Migration 4: Urban to Urban Migration Zelinsky Model -Also Known as migration transition

Migration Models People seek to improve their incomes over the course of their lives, therefore all migration becomes a cost and benefit scenario a) Migration drops as people age since wealth is accumulated over time b) Psychological and economic costs/benefits are considered before moving Human Capital Model

Intervening Obstacles When Migrating Intervening obstacles make migration harder – Physical Obstacles: Natural disasters or obstacles – Distance & Cost: Farther the distance the more money involved – Cultural Factors: Language is the #1 problem. – Governmental Restrictions: Some governments have quotas on the number of immigrants allowed in their country