Chapters 23-1 & 29-1

 Bangladesh  Bhutan  India  Maldives  Nepal  Pakistan  Sri Lanka

 Often referred to as a subcontinent ◦ Separated from the rest of Asia by mountains ◦ Mountains have created a physical and cultural border ◦ Subcontinent: a large distinct landmass that is joined to a continent

 1.7 million square miles  Bordered by 3 bodies of water ◦ Arabian Sea ◦ Indian Ocean ◦ Bay of Bengal  Many Islands ◦ Sri Lanka

 Himalayas ◦ Theory: Formed by continental drift from Africa ◦ 1000 miles long ◦ 100 miles wide ◦ Mt. Everest  Highest Peak 29,035 ft.  Northern Landforms ◦ Khyber pass  Between Hindu Kush and Himalayas ◦ Ganges Plain  Fertile plain  Watered by 3 rivers  Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra  Home to 10% of World Pop.  Central Landforms ◦ Vindhya Mt. Range  Divides India north/south  2 distinct cultures  Southern Landforms ◦ Eastern Ghats & Western Ghats  Eroded mountains ◦ Deccan Plateau  In the triangle of Ghats and Vindhya Mts.  Rich soil  Rain shadow of Western Ghats ◦ Karnataka Plateau  Receives rain diverted from Deccan Plateau  Known for spice Plantations

 Indus River ◦ Mainly flows through Pakistan to Arabian Sea ◦ Cradle of ancient India  Brahmaputra ◦ Flows from Himalayas through India and Bangladesh ◦ Joins Ganges to form Delta ◦ Major inland waterway  Hydro electricity  Ganges River ◦ River basin covers 400,000 sq. miles ◦ Considered Sacred by Hindus ◦ India’s most agriculturally productive area

 Water: ◦ Alluvial soil, drinking water, transportation, hydro electricity  Controversy over dams  Tarbela Dam: soon unusable due to silt  Energy resources ◦ Oil in Arabian Sea  Still dependent on imports ◦ Natural Gas ◦ Uranium  Minerals ◦ Leading exporter of iron ◦ 90% of the worlds Mica ◦ Sri Lanka  Largest producer of graphite  Many precious stones  Timber ◦ Oak, magnolia, beech, birch, sandal wood, & teak ◦ Environmental problems due to over cutting

 Brunei  Cambodia  East Timor  Indonesia  Laos  Malaysia  Myanmar  Philippines  Singapore  Thailand  Vietnam

 Indochina Peninsula ◦ Cordilleras: Parallel mountain ranges and plateaus  Cause by tectonic plate movement ◦ Considered “Mainland Southeast Asia”  Malay Peninsula ◦ Thailand and Malaysia

 Malay archipelago ◦ Over 20,000 Islands ◦ Archipelago: series of islands grouped together  Formed from volcanic activity  Indonesia ◦ 13,500 islands over 3,000 miles  Fewer than 1000 islands permanently settled  Philippines ◦ 7,000 islands  900 settled  11 islands contain 95% of land mass  Country and an Island ◦ Singapore  1 large and 50 small ◦ East Timor  Independent from Indonesia in 2002

 Mountains ◦ Less than 10,000 ◦ Natural barriers between countries  Annam Cordillera  Separates Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia ◦ Actually Volcanoes  Ring of Fire  Volcanoes ◦ Indonesia  327 volcanoes  100 currently active

 People rely on waterways for transportation, communication, and food ◦ Sediment create fertile land for agriculture  Major Rivers ◦ Irrawaddy in Myanmar ◦ Chao Phraya in Thailand ◦ Red or Hong in Vietnam ◦ Mekong: starts in China, flows through Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam

 Energy sources ◦ Fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas  Minerals and Gems ◦ Indonesia- nickel and iron ◦ Philippines- copper ◦ Mainland: rubies and sapphires ◦ Pearls  Largest pearl (14 pounds) found of coast of Palawan in Philippines  Flora and Fauna ◦ Plants and animals ◦ Rubber, teak, orchids  Fishing ◦ Seafood export is a major contributor to economy