Chapter 14 The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa and Asia

Chapter 14, Section 1 The Search for Spices

Motivation for Exploration  Chief source of spices was the Moluccas…an island chain in present day Indonesia (once called “Spice Islands”)  1400s  Italian and Arab merchants controlled most trade between Asia and Europe  Several nations wanted to control these lands for the use of spices Curiosity to seek new lands also a factor Curiosity to seek new lands also a factor

Portugal Sails East  Prince Henry led the way in sponsoring exploration for Portugal  His navigators discovered and claimed the islands of Madeira and Azores Two islands to west and SW of Portugal Two islands to west and SW of Portugal  1415  Portugal had expanded into Muslim North Africa seizing the port of Ceuta

Mapping the African Coast  Prince Henry wanted to control Africa for many reasons: He could convert Africans to Christianity He could convert Africans to Christianity Find sources of riches the Muslims controlled Find sources of riches the Muslims controlled Hoped to find an easier way to reach Asia Hoped to find an easier way to reach Asia  1460  Henry dies and the conquest continues 1488  Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa en route to Asia 1488  Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa en route to Asia

Seeking India  1497  Vasco da Gama (Portugal) followed Dias’ footsteps leading 4 ships around the Cape of Good Hope He had visions of going farther He had visions of going farther  After ten months at sea he reached the spice port of Calicut (west coast of India)  Da Gama sold spices at enormous profits when he returned home His voyages confirmed Portugal as a world power His voyages confirmed Portugal as a world power

Columbus Sails West  Portugal’s success in the sea created motivation for other sailors  Christopher Columbus (Italy) wanted to reach the East Indies (islands in SE Asia)  Columbus knew the earth was a sphere and had to sail west across the Atlantic He believed a few weeks sailing west would bring him to eastern Asia He believed a few weeks sailing west would bring him to eastern Asia

Reaching Faraway Lands  Portugal refused to sponsor Columbus’ voyage  He convinced Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to sponsor him  They wanted to use this as a way to strengthen Catholicism and bring wealth and prestige to Spain They expelled all Jews from Spain They expelled all Jews from Spain

Reaching Faraway Lands  Aug 3, 1492  Columbus begins sailing west with three small ships…Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria  No land was spotted until Oct 12, 1492  Columbus was convinced he reached the Indies (called the people Indians)  Returned home to a hero’s welcome Come to find out, he had discovered previously unknown continents Come to find out, he had discovered previously unknown continents

Dividing the Globe  1493  Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to claim the new found lands  Pope Alexander VI created a Line of Demarcation w/in Western Hemisphere This gave Spain rights to lands west of the line and Portugal rights to east This gave Spain rights to lands west of the line and Portugal rights to east  Other countries now wanted to prove themselves against Spain and Portugal

Naming the Western Hemisphere  Amerigo Vespucci (Italy) wrote a journal of his voyage to Brazil  1507  cartographer from Germany used Vespucci’s journal and created a map of the Western Hemisphere  He labeled “America” and eventually the term “Americas” was given to the region The lands Columbus had discovered became known as West Indies The lands Columbus had discovered became known as West Indies

Search for Direct Route  Sept 20, 1519  Ferdinand Magellan (native of Portugal) set out w/ 5 ships (sponsored by King Charles of Spain)  Nov, 1520  Magellan’s ships entered a bay at the southern tip of South America  Magellan found a passage that later became known as the “Strait of Magellan”  He renamed Balboa’s South Sea to the “Pacific” meaning peaceful

Direct Route  After the mission was accomplished the crews wanted to return home  Magellan did not…he made the decision to move toward Philippines (took 4 months)  March 1521  fleet reaches Philippines where Magellan is killed The survivors returned home to Spain in Sept as the first people to circumnavigate (sail around the world) The survivors returned home to Spain in Sept as the first people to circumnavigate (sail around the world)

Chapter 14, Section 2 Turbulent Centuries in Africa

Portugal Gains Footholds  Portugal began setting up small forts to collect food and water and repair ships They wanted to trade directly with their sources in Africa rather than using middlemen They wanted to trade directly with their sources in Africa rather than using middlemen They did establish trading posts to trade muskets, tools and cloth for gold, ivory, hides and slaves They did establish trading posts to trade muskets, tools and cloth for gold, ivory, hides and slaves  Portuguese would attack African trading cities like Mombasa and Malindi to get rid of the Arabs

African Slave Trade  s  slaves were viewed as the most important good that was traded  Portuguese traders joined this profitable slave trade followed by many Europeans  Europeans used slaves to perform labor on their plantations Some were used as household servants Some were used as household servants  During the 1500s  Europeans were encouraging a much broader slave trade

Triangular Slave Trade

Slave Trade  Slaves would be traded for textiles, metalwork, rum, tobacco, weapons and gunpowder  Over the next 300 years the slave trade exploded into a large profitable business  Every year, thousands of slaves would be shipped across the Atlantic to work on sugar, rice and tobacco plantations

Slave Trade  Some African leaders wanted to stop the slave trading But the supporters were just too strong But the supporters were just too strong  Affonso I (ruler of Kongo) was against the slave trade…he had been tutored by the Portuguese missionaries He wanted to convert Africans to Christianity He wanted to convert Africans to Christianity  Affonso asked his Portuguese friends to help stop the slave trade (They did not)

New African States  As more and more slaves were traded some kingdoms became very small  However, other kingdoms emerged who depended on the slave trade These states would wage war on the smaller African states These states would wage war on the smaller African states  Asante Kingdom  owned land in present day Ghana under Osei Tutu

Asante Kingdom  Tutu claimed his right to rule came from heaven…he was trying to unify his kingdom in order to fight off other states The Asante eventually ran a monopoly on gold mining and slave trade in Africa The Asante eventually ran a monopoly on gold mining and slave trade in Africa  This allowed them to build a wealthy and powerful kingdom

European Presence Expands  Several European countries followed Portugal’s idea of trading ports in Africa The British, Dutch, and French all opened up ports in Africa when Portuguese power declined The British, Dutch, and French all opened up ports in Africa when Portuguese power declined  1652  Dutch immigrants arrived in South Africa and built Cape Town Dutch farmers were the ones who settled around Cape Town Dutch farmers were the ones who settled around Cape Town

European Presence  Mid 1600s  British and French both had reached present day Senegal  French est’d a fort around 1700  1788  Britain est’d the African Association…an organization that sponsored explorers going to Africa  This led to an explosion of European exploration of Africa

Review 1) All of the following were explorers except?  AColumbus  BMagellan  CVespucci  DCaesar 2) During the slave trade in Africa, slaves would be traded for all of the following except?  ARum  BTobacco  CSalt  DMetalwork

Chapter 14, Section 3 European Footholds in South and Southeast Asia

Portugal Builds Empire  After Vasco da Gama’s voyage, the Portuguese moved into the Indian Ocean  During this time, the Mughal Dynasty was controlling much of India  Eventually, in Southern India, Portugal was able to seize lands from local princes  With this power, the Portuguese wanted to take over the Indian Ocean

Portugal  Trading Outposts in Muslim lands In 1510, Portugal turned the island of Goa into its military and commercial base In 1510, Portugal turned the island of Goa into its military and commercial base Took over Malacca in 1511 from Muslims Took over Malacca in 1511 from Muslims Used these ports to trade and repair ships Used these ports to trade and repair ships  Limited Impact Lacked resources and faced resistance inland Lacked resources and faced resistance inland Made harsh efforts to convert Muslims Made harsh efforts to convert Muslims Fewer than a million actually convertedFewer than a million actually converted

Rise of the Dutch  Sea Power 1599-Dutch fleet returns home after a year 1599-Dutch fleet returns home after a year Brought pepper, cloves, and other spices Brought pepper, cloves, and other spices This led to more exploration activity because of their strong foothold in Cape Town This led to more exploration activity because of their strong foothold in Cape Town  Powerful Dutch Company 1602-Dutch East India Co. is formed 1602-Dutch East India Co. is formed Had tremendous power Had tremendous power Explorations were tightly controlled by gov’t Explorations were tightly controlled by gov’t

Dutch Dominance  1641 – Dutch capture Malacca from Portugal Then they opened up trade with China Then they opened up trade with China This allowed them to open a monopoly in the spice islands This allowed them to open a monopoly in the spice islands  Used military force to achieve its goals  1700s - the Dutch power declined due to growing power of England and France

Spain Seizes Philippines  1521  Magellan claimed the archipelago of Philippines for Spain Within 50 years Spain had captured and colonized the islands Within 50 years Spain had captured and colonized the islands Spanish priests would try to convert these people to Christianity Spanish priests would try to convert these people to Christianity  Spain now could trade between lands in Mexico and China Silver from Mexico used to buy goods in China Silver from Mexico used to buy goods in China

Mughal India & European Traders  Valuable Trade Mughal India was a center for spice trading Mughal India was a center for spice trading Leading exporter of textiles (silk and cotton) Leading exporter of textiles (silk and cotton) Europeans (Portuguese, Dutch, English, French) eventually gained trading rights here Europeans (Portuguese, Dutch, English, French) eventually gained trading rights here  Great Empire Shatters Eventual civil wars drained the resources here Eventual civil wars drained the resources here Dutch, British and French all est’d Indian Trading Companies Dutch, British and French all est’d Indian Trading Companies

Chapter 14, Section 4 Encounters in East Asia

European Contact w/Ming China  Europeans wanted products from China but had little to offer in return  Ming eventually allowed a trading post for the Portuguese, Dutch and English traders  Trade had to be conducted under the supervision of officials  At the end of each trading season, the Europeans had to sail away from China

Manchu Conquest  1600s  Ming was growing weak and the Manchus were able to break through the Great Wall  1644  Manchus took over Beijing  Manchus then set up the Qing Dynasty They won support of scholars because they adopted Confucianism They won support of scholars because they adopted Confucianism Manchus stationed troops across the empire to ensure loyalty Manchus stationed troops across the empire to ensure loyalty

Rejecting Contact w/ Europeans  The Qing used the Ming policy of restricting foreign traders  However, the Europeans wanted to expand trade desperately  1793  Lord Macartney arrived in China from Britain on a diplomatic mission He brought British made goods to show He brought British made goods to show Several misunderstandings took place during the meeting Several misunderstandings took place during the meeting

Problems with Britain  Misunderstandings included the following:  Chinese thought the gifts were tribute  Chinese asked Macartney to kowtow: (touch head to the ground) to show respect He refused to kowtow He refused to kowtow  He also offended the Chinese by speaking English

Korea is Invaded  1592 & 1597  Japan invades Korea  1598  Korea drives out Japan after several negative impacts from Japan Villages burned to the ground Villages burned to the ground Famine and disease become widespread Famine and disease become widespread Population decreases Population decreases Later, in 1636, Manchus would invade Korea and make Korea a tributary state (again) Later, in 1636, Manchus would invade Korea and make Korea a tributary state (again)

Korea Choose Isolation  After multiple invasions, Korea decides to choose a policy of isolation  They excluded all foreigners except a small number of Chinese and Japanese officials  During this time, Koreans went on several tribute missions and brought back discoveries dealing with science, arts and literature

Foreign Traders in Japan  Japan welcomed Westerners unlike Korea or China because of the advanced weapons they brought to the Daimyos These weapons helped the Tokugawa centralize the government These weapons helped the Tokugawa centralize the government The Japanese also welcomed the printing press The Japanese also welcomed the printing press  As time went on, the Tokugawa grew hostile toward the foreigners

Foreigners in Japan  1638  Tokugawa turned against European traders  Japan barred all European merchants from entering the country They also outlawed the building of large ships to further their isolation (stayed this way for 200 years) They also outlawed the building of large ships to further their isolation (stayed this way for 200 years) Internal trade, arts, and literature all flourished Internal trade, arts, and literature all flourished

Review 1) All of the following are reasons for Dutch dominance regarding trade and exploration except?  AOpening trade with China  BCapturing of Malacca from Portugal  CFaster boats  DMilitary force 2) During Korea’s isolation stage, how did the receive advances within their society?  AKoreans looked to China  BKoreans went on tribute missions to gain advances in science, arts, etc.  CKoreans went on the Internet