The Carbon Atom  Can bond with 4 other elements.  Has ability to form millions of different large and complex structures.  Living organisms all contain carbon.

Monomers  Most carbon compounds are built from smaller molecules called monomers

Polymers  Monomers link together to form polymers  Examples of polymers include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins.

Macromolecule Table ElementsMonomerPolymerFunctionExamples Carbohydrates Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroid Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates  Contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)  Monomer = monosaccharide (ex: glucose)  Two monomers= disaccharide (ex: lactose)  Many monomers= polysaccharide (ex: starch)  Examples: sugars, starch, cellulose and glycogen  Provide energy for the cell and serve structural purposes

Macromolecule Table ElementsMonomerPolymerFunctionExamples Carbohydrates C, H, OMonosaccharidePolysaccharideEnergy & Structure Glucose, Lactose, Starch Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroid Proteins Nucleic Acids disaccharide

Monosaccharides  Aldehydes or ketones that contain several hydroxyl substituents.

OH CH 2 OH C CC C O OH H H H H H C HO Glucose Molecule

Lipids  Contains C, H and O.  3 types Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids  Examples: Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, wax, cholesterol and steroids  Not soluble in water HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Fatty Acid

Macromolecule Table ElementsMonomerPolymerFunctionExamples Carbohydrates C, H, O MonosaccharidePolysaccharideEnergy & Structure Glucose, Lactose, Starch Lipids Triglycerides C, H, O Fatty Acid NONE energy unsaturated, saturated, wax Phospholipids Cell membranes (structure) N/A NONE Steroidhormones cholesterol Proteins Nucleic Acids disaccharide

Triglycerides  Two forms Saturated – all single C bonds Unsaturated – has double or triple C bonds.

Phosphate H H-C-O H C O C O H-C-O H C O C O C O Phospholipid Fat (glycerol +fatty acids) Long Chain Lipids

Phospholipids  Important structural component of cell membranes

Testosterone Estrogen Cholesterol Steroids – lipids with rings

Macromolecule Table ElementsMonomerPolymerFunctionExamples Carbohydrates C, H, O MonosaccharidePolysaccharideEnergy & Structure Glucose, Lactose, Starch Lipids Triglycerides C, H, O Fatty Acid NONE energy unsaturated, saturated, wax Phospholipids Cell membranes (structure) N/A NONE Steroidhormones cholesterol Proteins Nucleic Acids disaccharide

Proteins  Contain C, H, O and Nitrogen (N).  Polymers made up of amino acid monomers Held together by peptide bonds.  There are 20 different types of amino acids  Two amino acids = dipeptide  Many amino acids = polypeptide  Most enzymes are proteins  Proteins help build and repair cell components

N C C H H R O O-O- Amino Acid H

Macromolecule Table ElementsMonomerPolymerFunctionExamples Carbohydrates C, H, O MonosaccharidePolysaccharideEnergy & Structure Glucose, Lactose, Starch Lipids Triglycerides C, H, O Fatty Acid NONE energy unsaturated, saturated, wax Phospholipids Cell membranes (structure) N/A NONE Steroidhormones cholesterol Proteins C, H, O, N amino acid PolypeptideBuild/repair cells Insulin, hemoglobin, enzymes Nucleic Acids disaccharide dipeptide

Nucleic acids  Large complex polymers that store cell information  DNA and RNA Made up of monomers called nucleotides  A nucleotide is composed of a sugar, a phosphate group and a base Sugar Phosphate Base

Macromolecule Table ElementsMonomerPolymerFunctionExamples Carbohydrates C, H, O MonosaccharidePolysaccharideEnergy & Structure Glucose, Lactose, Starch Lipids Triglycerides C, H, O Fatty Acid NONE energy unsaturated, saturated, wax Phospholipids Cell membranes (structure) N/A NONE Steroidhormones cholesterol Proteins C, H, O, N amino acid polypeptidebuild/repair cells Insulin, hemoglobin, enzymes Nucleic Acids C, H, O, P, N nucleotideN/A contain genetic info DNA & RNA disaccharide dipeptide

Macromolecules in Review MonomerPolymer ProteinAmino AcidPolypeptide CarbohydrateMonosaccharidePolysaccharide LipidFatty AcidEx: Phospholipids Nucleic AcidNucleotideEx: DNA