Section 11.3 MUTATIONS Section 11.3 pgs

Take out a sheet of paper and write both lab partners names on it. Number it from 1- 8 and answer the questions as they are presented. 1. What concepts/ideas come to mind when you hear the term mutation? 2. Why might a mutation have little or no harmful effect on an organism?

OBJECTIVES  Categorize different kinds of mutations that can occur in DNA.  Compare the effects of different kinds of mutations on cells and organisms.

Mutations  Mutation = change in DNA sequence 3. When or how could DNA be changed?  Mutations can be caused by errors in replication, transcription, translation, cell division, or external agents.  Mutations in Reproductive Cells can affect potential offspring (ex: inheritable genetic disorders)  Mutations in Body Cells do not get passed onto offspring (ex: if an individual develops skin cancer)

MUTATIONS  Ex. 1 - THE DOG RAN ALL DAY becomes THE DOG SRA NAL LDA Y THE DOG SRA NAL LDA Y or or  Ex. 2 - THE DOG RAN ALL DAY becomes THE DOG FAN ALL DAY THE DOG FAN ALL DAY 4. Explain what happened in the 1 st example. 5. Explain what happened in the 2 nd example. 6. Why are the words 3 letters long?

Types of Mutations - Types of Mutations - can alter the genetic code causing changes to amino acids and then the protein produced. Frameshift - moves reading frame to the left or right. Original sentence – THE DOG RAN ALL DAY  Deletion = a base is deleted (THE DOG ANA LLD AY)  Insertion = a base is added (THE DOG GRA NAL LDA Y)

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Point Mutation/Substitution – One base is substituted in place of another possibly altering amino acids produced  Missense Mutation – changes the amino acid  THE DOG RAN ALL DAY  THE DOG FAN ALL DAY

POINT MUTATION/SUBSTITIUTION  Nonsense Mutation – changes amino acid to a stop codon.  THE DOG RAN ALL DAY  THE DOG RAN

POINT MUTATION/SUBSTITUTION  Silent Mutation – Doesn’t change the amino acid 7. Using the chart on pg. 292 give an example of how changing one of the 3 bases in a codon would result in a Silent Mutation.

8. Describe what has happened to the each chromosome above.

Chromosomal Mutations  Chromosomes can be - broken off and lost or gained during mitosis/meiosis - break off and rejoin incorrectly - a complete extra chromosome - a complete missing chromosome Fig pg. 300 – Four kinds of chromosomal mutations. 1.Deletion3. Inversion 2.Insertion4. Translocation

 Mutation of genetic material will affect the proteins produced

Sickle Cell – result from the change in one base on Chromosome 11.

Textbook pg. 299 #’s 1&4 Working with another lab group answer questions 1 & 4 on the dry erase boards. Be prepared to share your answers with other groups. (Codon table pg 292) NORMALSICKLED GGGCTTCTTTTTGGGCATCTTTTT GGGCTTCTTAAA

Cause & Repair  Some mutations are spontaneous others can be the result of long term exposure  Mutagen = any agent that causes DNA change (ex: harmful chemicals, radiation)  Cells have repair mechanisms and special enzymes that can fix incorrect DNA.

 THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT  Insertion  THE FFA TCA TAT ETH ERA T  Deletion  THE ATC ATA TET HER AT  Point  THE CAT CAT ATE THE RAT