© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 11: Industry The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Industry Distributed? Origin of industry –The modern concept of Industry, the manufacturing of goods in a factory, originated in northern England and southern Scotland during the second half of the 18 th century (1700s). –Industry diffused from England and Scotland in the 19 th century to Europe & to North America. –From cottage industries (home-based manufacturing) to the Industrial Revolution (slow, gradual diffusion of new technologies over decades) that led to improvements in productivity and standards of living –Impact of the Industrial Revolution especially great on iron, coal, transportation, textiles, chemicals, and food processing

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution Figure 11-2

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Industry Distributed? Industrial regions (each is ¼ of world’s industrial output); next= Brazil and India –Europe Emerged in late 19th and early 20 th centuries United Kingdom, Rhine-Ruhr Valley, Mid-Rhine, Po Basin, NE Spain, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Volga, Urals, Kuznetsk, Donetsk, Silesia –North America Industry arrived later but spread faster than in Europe Concentrated in NE b/c of 1 st settlement, iron, & coal N. England, M. Atlantic, Mohawk Valley, Pittsburgh- Lake Erie, W. Great Lakes, S. California, SE Ontario –East Asia (Japan and China!) – b/c of # of people!

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Industrial Regions Figure 11-3

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Industrial Areas in Europe Figure 11-4

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Industrial Areas in North America Figure 11-5

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation Factors Important: Weber’s least cost theory ? **Weber: production point must be located inside a triangle Situation (relative location) factors: Location factors involving transport. WHERE is it cheapest to build a manufacturing plant???? Proximity to inputs (resources from the physical environ. OR parts/materials needed) move factories closer to resources –Bulk-reducing industries (industry in which inputs weigh more than final product) –Examples: Copper & Steel Figure 11-8

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation Factors Important? Proximity to markets (customers!) –Bulk-gaining industries (where the product gains volume or weight during production) –move factories closer to the customers instead! –Examples: Fabricated metals-TVs, Cars- Honda example on p. 353 Beverage production (soda/beer) –Single-market manufacturers (auto parts for cars= sell to factories) –Perishable products (food!) Figure 11-10

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation Factors Important? Ship, rail, truck, or air? –The farther something is transported, the lower the cost per km/mile (b/c costs the same to unload/load) –Cost decreases at different rates for each of the four modes: Truck = most often for short-distance travel (-1 day) Train = used to ship longer distances (1 day +) Ship = slow, but very low cost per km/mile (internat.) Air = most expensive, but very fast (speedy delivery of small-bulk, high-value packages) –Costs rise each time that inputs or products are transferred from one mode to another –Break-of-bulk point= location of transfer (airport, seaport)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Site (physical char. of a place) Factors Important? 1) Labor –The most important site factor at a global scale –The variation of labor cost around the world is large –Labor-intensive industries (industry where wages & compensation paid to employees=high % of expenses) –Manufacturing: $20+/hour in MDCs; $5-/hour in LDCs Examples: textiles (woven fabrics)…women! –Textile & apparel spinning (China, India, & LDCs) –Textile & apparel weaving (China, India & LDCs) –Textile & apparel assembly (U.S., Europe, & MDCs) –Capital-intensive industries (industry where wages & compensation are a % low of expenses)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cotton Yarn Production Figure 11-16

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Woven Cotton Fabric Production Figure 11-17

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Production of Women’s Blouses Figure 11-18

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Site Factors Important? 2) Land –Rural & suburban sites preferred over cities today (esp. close to interstates/junctions) –Environmental factors: Build factories close to: Past=rivers & forests, then close to coal mines; Now= close to cheap Electricity! (aluminum) 3) Capital ($$$) –Where are the banks located who will loan $$? –Michigan= car industry; Silicon Valley, CA= high-tech industries Figure 11-20

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Location Factors Changing? Labor= site factor changing dramatically in the 21st century Attraction of new industrial regions Changing industrial distribution within MDCs: 1) Interregional shift within the United States (from the NE to the South and West) Right-to-work laws (unions not required!) & lower pay Textile production (move to Carolinas, App. Mts) 2) Interregional shifts in Europe (from NW Europe to Southern & E. Europe) b/c of European Union’s policies Convergence shifts (E. & S. Europe b/c of lagging wages); Spain= largest manufact. growth! Also Poland, C. Republic, & Hungary (Eastern/Central Europe) Competitive and employment regions (W.Europe)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Changing U.S. Manufacturing Figure 11-21

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Manufacturers of Men’s and Women’s Socks and Hosiery Figure 11-22

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. European Union Structural Funds Figure 11-23

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Location Factors Changing? International shifts in industry: –1970= ½ of world’s industry in N. America & Europe 2010= ½ of world’s industry shifting to: East Asia (China & South Korea) South Asia (India!) Latin America (Mexico & Brazil) –Changing distributions from MDCs to LDCs Especially in steel and textiles (clothing) –Outsourcing Transnational corporations= moving low-skilled labor operations to LDCs while keeping high-skilled operations in MDCs (new international div. of labor) Outsourcing= turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers to save $$ Example: car seats for cars made by different comp.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. World Steel Production Figure 11-24

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Production Figure 11-25

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Apparel Production and Jobs in the United States Figure 11-26

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Location Factors Changing? Renewed attraction of traditional industrial regions (Why would an industry locate to NE United States or NW Europe when it could be cheaper in a LDCs?) –Proximity to skilled labor Examples: Computer manufacturing= remains in Silicon Valley, CA; high-end clothes= in NE USA Fordist, or mass production where worker repeats a task over and over (old model) …reason why unions developed in many industries! Post-Fordist, or lean production –Workers placed in teams, problem-solving, leveling (everyone treated the same)…(new model) Just-in-time delivery (shipment of parts & materials right when needed)…Problems: 1)labor unrest 2) weather!

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Electronic Computing Manufacturing Figure 11-28

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Women’s and Girls’ Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing Figure 11-29

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Services