THE RISE OF ISLAM

I. DESERTS, TOWNS, & TRAVELERS A. INTRO - GEOGRAPHY 1. ARGRICULTURE – S.W. ARABIAN PENINSULA, OMAN, & OASES 2. DESERTS – PENINSULA MOSTLY DESERT, OCCUPIED BY NOMADS (BEDOUIN)

B. DESERT & TOWN LIFE 1. BEDOUINS – NOMADIC TRIBES (CLANS) 2. IDEALS BECAME PART OF ISLAMIC CULTURE 3. OCCUPATION – HERDERS & FARMERS

4. BECOMING FARMERS a. AG. DEVELOPED AROUND OASES & RIVER VALLEYS b. EFFECTS – SETTLED AREAS BECAME MARKET TOWNS (TRADE CENTERS)

…SHIFT c. WEST COAST TOWNS – MARKET CENTERS FOR LONG DISTANCE TRADE (RED SEA)

C. CROSSROADS 1. TRADE ROUTES, LOCATIONS, & METHODS a. FROM SOUTHERN ARABIA TO BYZANTINE & PERSIAN EMPIRES

…CROSSROADS b. CARAVAN ROUTES – CONNECTED SILK ROAD TO BYZANTINE EMPIRE & ARABIA (CULTURAL DIFFUSION)

2. MECCA a. LOCATION – WESTERN ARABIA, NEAR RED SEA b. RELIGION 1.) SITE OF RELIGIOUS PILGRIMAGE 2.) KA’ABA – ANCIENT SHRINE/CENTER OF PILGRIMAGE

c. RELIGIOUS TRADITION 1.)ALLAH – “GOD” IN ARABIC 2.) RELIGIONS – POLYTHEISTIC, CHRISTIANITY, JUDAISM 3.) MUHAMMAD – BORN AROUND 570 A.D. - STARTED ISLAM

II. PROPHET MUHAMMAD A. EARLY LIFE 1. ORPHANED AGE 6 2. RAISED BY UNCLE 3. WORKED IN CARAVANS 4. BECAME MANAGER FOR KHADIJAH 5. MARRIED KHADIJAH

B. REVELATION 1. GABRIEL – MUHAMMAD WAS MESSENGER OF GOD 2. TEACHINGS – ALLAH ONE AND ONLY GOD 3. ISLAM – SUBMISSION TO THE WILL OF ALLAH

…REVELATION 4. MUSLIM – ONE WHO HAS SUBMITTED 5. FEARS OF ISLAM IN MECCA a. LEAD TO NEGLECT OF ARAB GODS b. MECCA WOULD LOSE PILGRIMAGES & TRADE

C. HIJRAH 1. MUHAMAD LEFT MECCA & SETLED IN YATHRIB (MEDINA) 2. HIJRAH – MIGRATION OF MUHAMMAD TO MEDINA (YATHRIB)

…HIJRAH 3. POLITICAL & RELIGIOUS LEADERSHIP a. FORMED SINGLE COMMUNITY OF ARABS & JEWS

…LEADERSHIP b. BECAME RELIGIOUS & POLITICAL LEADER c. CONVERTED MANY TO ISLAM d. MILITARY – LED MILITARY IN FIGHTING BETWEEN MECCA & MEDINA

D. RETURN TO MECCA 1. DEFEATED MECCA IN WAR 2. MOST MECCANS CONVERTED TO ISLAM 3. MUHAMMAD DIED TWO YEARS LATER

III. BELIEFS & PRACTICES OF ISLAM A. INTRODUCTION 1. MAIN BELIEFS a. ONE GOD b. BELIEF IN GOOD & EVIL

…INTRO c. INDIVIDUALS RESPONSIBLE FOR ACTIONS (AFTER LIFE)

B. THE FIVE PILLARS 1. FAITH (CREED) – THERE IS NO GOD BUT ALLAH & MUHAMMAD IS HIS MESSENGER

…PILLARS 2. PRAYER a. FIVE TIMES DAILY b. MOSQUE – ISLAMIC HOUSE OF WORSHIP

…PILLARS 3. ALMS – MONEY FOR THE POOR THROUGH RELIGIOUS TAXES

…PILLARS 4. FASTING a. RAMADAN – HOLY MONTH OF ISLAM b. PERIOD WHERE NOTHING IS EATEN BETWEEN SUNRISE & SUNSET

…PILLAR 5. PILGRIMAGE a. HAJJ – PILGRIMAGE / TRIP TO MECCA AT LEAST ONCE IN LIFE

C. A WAY OF LIFE 1. NO PORK OR ALCOHOL 2. FRIDAY DAY OF WORSHIP 3. WORSHIP GOD DIRECTLY (MINISTER NOT NEEDED) 4. ULAMA – RELIGIOUS TEACHERS APPLYING ISLAM TO DAILY LIFE

D. SOURCES OF AUTHORITY 1. ARABIC LANGUAGE a. MUHAMMAD’S REVELATIONS b. COLLECTED AND WRITTEN DOWN

…AUTHORITY c. QUR’AN/KORAN – HOLY BOOK OF ISLAM/MUSLIMS (1) WRITTEN IN ARABIC (2) LANGUAGE OF WORSHIPERS & SCHOLARS (3) HELPED UNITE CONQUERED PEOPLES

2. ISLAMIC LAW a. SHARIA – ISLAMIC LAW FROM THE QU’RAN b. REGULATES ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE c. DOES NOT SEPARATE RELGIOUS LIFE FROM CIVIL & CRIMINAL MATTERS

E. LINKS TO JUDASIM & CHRISTIANITY 1. ALLAH SAME GOD FOR CHRISTIANS, JEWS, MUSLIMS 2. ABRAHAM – FIRST GREAT PROPHET 3. MOSES– VIEWED AS PROPHET

…LINKS 4. JESUS – VIEWED AS PROPHET 5. MUHAMMAD – THE PROPHET (FINAL) 6. SHARIA – WRITTEN LAW, REQUIRED TOLERANT TREATMENT OF JEWS & CHRISTIANS

IV. MUHAMMAD’S SUCCESSOR SPREAD ISLAM A. INTRODUCTION 1. MUHAMMAD – NAMED NO SUCCESSOR 2. ABU-BAKR – ELECTED 1 ST CALIPH 3. CALIPH - SUCCESSOR

B. RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS 1. FIRST FOUR CALIPHS 2. RULE – KNOWN AS CALIPHATES

…CALIPHS 3. ABU-BAKR a. PROMISED TO UPHOLD WHAT MUHAMMAD STOOD FOR

…CALIPHS b. GROUPS BEGAN TO BREAK AWAY c. USED JIHAD (ARMED STRUGGLE) TO CONTROL & EXPAND ISLAM

4. SPREAD OF ISLAM a. ABU-BAKR – CONTROLLED ALL OF ARABIA b. UMAR – CONQUERED SYRIA, EGYPT, PARTS OF PERSIA (SASSANID) c. 750 A.D. – EMPIRE EXTENDED FROM ATLANTIC (SPAIN) TO INDUS VALLEY

C. REASON FOR SUCCESS 1. PEOPLE BELIEVED SUCCESSES DUE TO ALLAH’S SUPPORT 2. WELL DISCIPLINED & WELL COMMANDED ARMIES

…SUCCESS 3. WEAKNESS OF BYZANTINE & PERSIAN EMPIRES 4. ATTRACTED BY MESSAGE OF HOPE & EQUALITY

D. TREATMENT OF CONQUERED PEOPLES 1. RETAINED THEIR OWN RELIGION 2. MILITARY DUTY – PAID TAX INSTEAD OF MILITARY SERVICE

…TREATMENT 3. JEWS & CHRISTIANS COULD NOT SPREAD RELIGION

SPAIN NORTH AFRICA ARABIAN PENINSULA PERSIAN EMPIRE INDUS VALLEY