August 2008 BREEDING ANIMALS AGRISCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office July, 2002

August 2008 TERMS USED IN BREEDING ANIMALS BREED : Breed is made up of animals of the same species that share common traits. BLOODLINES : Bloodlines are groups within breeds; tend to have one common ancestor. PUREBRED : Animals registered in a breed or eligible for registry.

August 2008 INHERIT TRAITS OF ANIMALS COLOR MILK CAPACITY HORNS SIZE TYPE * OFFSPRING THAT HAVE TRAITS GENETICALLY DIFFERENT FROM THEIR PARENTS ARE KNOWN AS MUTANTS.

August 2008 BREEDS OF CATTLE ANGUS : Originated in Scotland. Black, polled and have a smooth coat of hair. BRAHMAN : Originated in United States. Light gray to nearly black, loose skin and large humps over the shoulder ; tolerant of heat and insects. BRANGUS : Developed by crossing Brahman and Angus cattle. Solid black and polled.

August 2008 CATTLE BREEDS CONT. CHAROLAIS : Originated in France. White to a light straw color; large breed, most are naturally horned. CHIANINA : Originated in Italy. White except for the switch of the tail, which is black; skin has a black pigment. Largest beef breed. HEREFORD : Originated in England. White face and red bodies. A horned breed.

August 2008 CATTLE BREEDS CONT. POLLED HEREFORD : Developed in the United States. White face and red bodies; polled. LIMOUSIN : Originated in France. Most are red but may be light yellow or black. They usually have horns. SANTA GERTRUDIS : Developed by the King Ranch in Texas. Cherry red, usually horned and have loose hide. Crosses of the Shorthorn and Brahman breeds.

August 2008 BEEF BREEDS CONT. SHORTHORN : Originated in England. Red and white, with a red-white mix (roan), have horns except for the Polled Shorthorn breed. SIMMENTAL : Originated in Switzerland. Faces are white/light straw and their bodies are red to dark red.

August 2008 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS AYRSHIRE : Originated in Scotland. Red, mahogany, brown or white in color. Rank third in milk production (11,700 lbs per year with 4.0 % milk fat). BROWN SWISS : Originated in Switzerland. May be any shade of fawn with white markings. Rank fourth in milk production ( 10,600 lbs per year with 5% milk fat).

August 2008 DAIRY BREEDS CONT. GUERNSEY : Originated off the coast of France. May be any shade of fawn with white markings; horns turn outward and toward the front. Tied for fourth in milk production (10,600 lbs per year with 5% milk fat). HOLSTEIN : Originated in the Netherlands. Black and white color patterns. Rank first in milk production (14,500 lbs per year with 3.5% milk fat).

August 2008 DAIRY BREEDS CONT. JERSEY : Originated on the Isle of Jersey. Color range from cream to almost black. Ranks fifth in milk production (10,000 lbs per year with 5.4% milk fat). Smallest of the dairy breeds.

August 2008 SWINE BREEDS AMERICAN LANDRACE : White breed with ears drooped over the eyes. Produce large litters of pigs. BERKSHIRE : Black with six white points: each foot, some white on the face and a white tail switch; erect ears. CHESTER WHITE : White breed; popular in the northern parts of the United States.

August 2008 SWINE BREEDS CONT. DUROC : Red in color; ears drooped over the eyes. Large size, good meat-type breed. HAMPSHIRE : Black with a white belt around its shoulders. Ears are erect; good meat type breed. POLAND CHINA : Black with six white points: the feet, tip of tail and nose. YORKSHIRE : White with erect ears. Large litters and good milkers.

August 2008 SHEEP BREEDS FINE WOOL SHEEP - Rambouillet, American Merino, Delaine Merino and Debouillet. MEDIUM WOOL SHEEP - Cheviot, Dorset, Finnish Landrace, Hampshire, Shropshire, Southdown and Suffolk. LONG WOOL SHEEP - Cotswold, Leicester, Lincoln and Romney.

August 2008 SHEEP BREEDS CONT. CROSSBRED WOOL SHEEP - Columbia, Panama and Southdale. CARPET WOOL SHEEP - Black faced Highland. FUR SHEEP - Karakul breed.

August 2008 GOAT BREEDS MOHAIR AND CASHMERE - Angora ; most of these are grown in Texas and other southwestern states. DAIRY GOATS - LaMancha, Nubian, Saanen and Toggenburg. SPANISH GOATS - Boer

August 2008 HORSES LIGHT HORSES - Weigh pounds and used for riding, driving, racing and other purposes. Quarter Horse, Arabian, Paint, Appaloosa, Tennessee Walking Horse and Palomino are breeds of light horses. PONIES - Small horses weighing under 900 pounds. Shetland Pony is an example.

August 2008 HORSES CONT. DRAFT HORSES - Weigh over 1400 pounds. Clydesdale, Belgian, Percheron and Shire are examples.

August 2008 POULTRY Poultry includes chickens, duck and turkey. Other poultry animals include quail, guinea, ostrich and emu. Most common breeds of chickens are White Leghorn, White Rock, Rhode Island Red, Barred Rock and New Hampshire. Chickens are selected for one of two uses: eggs and meat.

August 2008 AQUACULTURE Term used to describe the farming of fish. Examples include : catfish, trout, tilapia, hybrid striped bass, shrimp, oyster, crawfish, red fish, snails, crabs, alligators and frogs.

August 2008 KINDS OF BREEDING SYSTEMS STRAIGHTBREEDING : Mating of animals of the same breed. Different approaches of straightbreeding include purebred breeding (mating purebred animals), outcrossing (mating animals of the same breed but of different families in the breed) and inbreeding (mating animals of the same breed with closely related animals).

August 2008 BREEDING SYSTEMS CONT. CROSSBREEDING : Involves mating animals of different breeds. Used to improve the quality of the products yielded by the offspring. Used to produce calves with more meat, no horns or to accomplish other specific genetic purpose.

August 2008 PUREBRED PRODUCTION SYSTEM Used to produce purebred animals that will be used for meat, milk or other purposes. May compete in shows. Raise both male and female animals. Must keep accurate records.

August 2008 MEAT-ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM COW-CALF PRODUCTION - Involves keeping cows to produce calves that are used for meat. Calves are weaned at about 500 lbs. FEEDER PIG PRODUCTION - Raising pigs that are sold to other producers to grow to meat-size hogs ( lbs) Pigs are sold at lbs.

August 2008 FINISHING SYSTEM BEEF CATTLE - Cattle are finished in feedlots. Texas, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, California and Colorado have the greatest numbers. Begin at lbs and fed for days or until they weigh 1000 lbs or more. Gain lbs. Per day MARKET HOGS - Hogs are finished to 220 plus lbs. Fed in groups of head.

August 2008 METHODS OF INSEMINATING LIVESTOCK NATURAL INSEMINATINATION - Involves using animals to mate in pastures or pen breeding. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION - Involves collecting semen from a male and depositing it in the reproductive tract of the female.

August 2008 ADVANTAGES OF USING AI AI allows the use of semen from superior males that are owned by another party. AI makes it possible for a male to breed many more females than could be done naturally. * Semen can be stored for a week at 41F or for several months frozen at -320F (liquid nitrogen).

August 2008 IMPORTANT INFORMATION IN BREEDING ANIMALS SPECIESAGE/BREED GESTATION COW14 MONTHS 283 DAYS SOW12 MONTHS114 DAYS EWE17 MONTHS148 DAYS DOE18 MONTHS151 DAYS MARE2-3 YEARS336 DAYS

August 2008 ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION Involves using hormones to get several females to come in heat at the same time. Used when using advanced breeding procedures such as superovulation (getting the female to produce a number of eggs at one time) and embro transfer.

August 2008 PREGNANCY TESTING BLOOD TEST URINE TEST RECTAL PALPATION (MOST COMMON METHOD USED) “BUMPING”

August 2008 SIGNS OF PREGNANT FEMALES GOING INTO LABOR ENLARGED UDDER SWELLING OF THE VULVA HOLLOWNESS IN FRONT OF THE PIN BONES NERVOUSNESS GOING AWAY FROM THE HERD

August 2008 GIVING BIRTH Most animals give birth without assistance. Calves should be born within one hour after labor begins. Calves are normally delivered with the head between the two front legs. Cow may need assistance if calf is in a different position.

August 2008 AFTER THE BIRTH It is very important that the calf gets the first milk known as “colostrum”. Colostrum is high in antibodies and other substances that help the new animal survive. Animal should expel the placenta 3-6 hours after giving birth.