The floating cities that could one day house climate change refugees

Changing Cities Exam Question Practise

A skills question (a) Identify the largest contribution to the eco-footprint of people living in Bristol. (1) The skill here is interpreting compound bar graphs....

Skills Answer 5(a) Materials and waste 1

Definition Questions - Create a Glossary for each topic you revise (b) Define the term eco-footprint.(2)

Mark Scheme 5(b) The amount of land required (1) to support the lifestyle of an..... individual/group (1) use of resources e.g. food/production of waste/building materials/etc. etc. (1) Limit to 1 mark if no idea about eco- footprint being expressed as an unit of land/area of land/ the amount of land required

Level Marked Question c) Explain why the eco-footprints of the cities in the developed world are so large. (6)

Level Mark Descriptor 0 No rewardable material Level Attempts a description. Has one or two very general points. Links to wealth not clear/absent. Evidence is vague using qualitative language such as ‘high’/‘low’ Basic use of geographical terminology, spelling punctuation and grammar. Level Some structure. One or two reasons outlined and some evidence offered. Some extension with specific information of resources consumed. May link to wealth but without development. Clearly communicated, but with limited use of geographical terminology, spelling, punctuation and grammar. Level Structured answer. An good range of reasons that are linked convincingly to wealth. Detail good and specific examples of resource consumption are offered to support points. Well communicated with good use of geographical terminology, spelling, punctuation and grammar.

Quality of Written Communication 5(c) QWC A wide range of reasons might be covered here from individual behaviour/consumption through to the nature of their economies · High levels of personal consumption – cars etc. · ‘Exotic’ imported goods very common · Wealthy citizens have frequent holidays, often overseas · Complex and expensive infrastructure · High levels of public spending/consumption · Oil dependent economies with high emissions · Development of technologies such as air-conditioning · High levels of commuting May make comparisons with LEDC cities.

Reducing Personal Eco-Footprints Personal mobility choices – for example Energy use - for example Personal food choices – for example....

Reducing the Eco-Footprint of Cities City structure Support mixed use development high-density housing, with nearby public transportation, stores, schools, offices, and entertainment to minimize sprawl and the need to drive. Per capita energy use in cities decreases exponentially with population density. Housing and Power Providers Environmentally friendly construction materials and energy efficiency/conservation would have an enormous effect on society's use of natural resources. Zoning regulations can mandate or provide incentives for low-Footprint buildings and building materials. Cities can mandate that certain proportions of their power must come from renewable energy sources. Food Establish a farmer's market to improve access to local, organic produce and reduce the transportation footprint of food. (Food items travel an average of 1300 miles). Transportation Infrastructure changes like better public transit and bike lanes can reduce our need for car transportation. This can shrink the car footprint to zero, and housing footprint by one-third. Public space Support urban gardens, plant trees, and protect open space. Healthy soil filters rainwater, maintains a healthy water cycle, and replenishes groundwater supplies. Sewage treatment Encourage developers to integrate natural waste-treatment systems, such as wetlands, into sewage treatment methods. This both maintains the water and nutrient flow of the ecosystem and minimizes the Ecological Footprint (and cost) of traditional sewage treatment facilities.