Sheep production fed on maize stover (Zea mays) based diet supplemented with varying levels and types of cassava leaves (Cassava esculenta L) in East Java, Indonesia Kusmartono, Chuzaemi S, and Hartutik Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Brawijaya University Jl. Veteran Malang East Java, Indonesia.

East Java

Background Ruminant production system in Indonesia is mostly done by cut and carry method and forages given are usually obtained from common grazing area  less quality control Crop byproducts such as rice straw and maize stover is still the main source of forage, especially during dry seasons Feeding strategy needs to be initiated by combining maize stover with high quality forage (ie. cassava leaves) to improve their quality, hence improving ruminant production

o There is an increase in sheep population from o Being the most popular meat and comparable with goat meat o Contributes significant value of protein consumption o Feeding management is still traditional

Objectives: 1. Evaluate nutritive value of maize stover and cassava leaves as supplement 2. Find out the optimum level of using cassava leaves in the ration 3. Determine the best form of cassava leaves to supplement maize stover for sheep production

Materials and Methods -Location of study: The study was conducted in field laboratory and animal nutrition laboratory of Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia - Materials: Feeds: Maize stover and cassava leaves and tubers bought from farmers Animals: 35 growing fat-tailed sheep weighing of kg, aging of months were used and they were put in metabolism cages

Materials and Methods Feed preparation: Cassava leaves were partly sun-dried, and the other parts were used for silage. Treatments applied were: T1: maize stover ad lib + ground cassava tubers (0.5 g) + urea (1% of DM intake), T2: maize stover ad lib + ground cassava tubers (0.5 g) + cassava leaves silage (1.0 g CP/kg BW), T3: maize stover ad lib + ground cassava tubers (0.5 g) + cassava leaves silage (1.5 g CP/kg BW), T4: maize stover ad lib + ground cassava tubers (0.5 g) + cassava leaves silage (2.0 g CP/kg BW), T5: maize stover ad lib + ground cassava tubers (0.5 g) + dried cassava leaves (1.0 g CP/kg BW), T6: maize stover ad lib + ground cassava tubers (0.5 g) + dried cassava leaves (1.5 g CP/kg BW), T7: maize stover ad lib + ground cassava tubers (0.5 g) + dried cassava leaves (2.0 g CP/kg BW). 5 replications were applied for each treatment

Materials and Methods Feed preparation: - Silage making: Cassava leaves were separated from petiole parts, directly put into a plastic container, left in at least 3 weeks under an-aerob condition. They were given to animals after being exposed to open air for 30 – 60 minutes. - Drying cassava leaves: Cassava leaves were sun-dried for 4-5 days, stored in plastic containers until they were used for feeding animals. - Drying tubers: The tuber parts were chopped into smaller pieces, sun-dried for 8-10 days, and ground and stored in plastic containers until they were given to animals.

Materials and Methods Parameters measured were: -Feed consumption, and digestibility -N retention, weight change -Feeding behavior -Ammonia and VFA concentration Experimental design and statistical analysis: The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Block Design, and data obtained were analysed using Genstat (17 th edition, 2015)

Results and Discussion Nutrient contents of the feeds Feeds DM % fresh OMCPCFHemicelluloseCellulos e Lignin % DM Maize stover Dried Cassava leaves Cassava leaves silage Dried cassava tuber

Parameters Treatments T1T2T3T4T5T6T7 Dry matter intake (g/kg 0.75 ) 74.82±2.77 ab 68.9±3.89 a 75.8±2.67 ab 79.3±4.87 b 68.0±4.10 a 85.8±3.05 b 93.8±4.44 c Organic matter intake (g/kg 0.75 ) 70.6±4.75 ab 65.4±5.22 a 71.8±4.38 ab 75.0±4.20 b 64.3±5.55 a 80.3±6.47 b 87.7±4.26 c Crude protein intake (g/kg 0.75 ) 11.0±1.03 b 8.3±0.92 a 9.0±0.73 ab 10.4±0.54 b 7.6±0.97 a 10.2±0.58 ab 11.7±0.84 c DM digestibility (%)76.1± ± ± ± ± ± ±3.41 OM digestibility (%)78.8± ± ± ± ± ± ±3.07 CP digestibility (%)78.1± ± ± ± ± ± ±3.44 Nutrients consumption and digestibility Notes: 1. The increased in level of cassava leaves supplemented in both forms, significantly increased Dry matter, organic matter and crude protein consumption and the highest intake were achieved by animals fed dried cassava leaves 2. Although there was no significant effect of treatments on digestibility values, the increased levels of cassava leaves in both forms, tended to increase DM, OM and CP digestibility.

Activities Treatments T1T2T3T4T5T6T7 Eating (h/24h)6.9± ± ± ± ±1.06.6±0.25 b 6.8±0.43 Ruminating (h/24h)7.7± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.26 Others (standing, etc; h/24h) 9.4± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.19 Eating behavior observed during the trial Notes: The increased in levels of cassava leaves offered tended to increase time spent for eating, reduce time spent for ruminating.

Parameter Treatments T1T2T3T4T5T6T7 Ammonia (mgN-NH3/l) 218.5± ± ± ± ± ± ±21.43 VFA (mM/l): - Acetic acid30.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± Propionic acid9.32± ± ± ± ± ± ± Butyric acid5.2± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.67 C2/C3 ratio2.9± ± ± ± ± ± ±3.46 Ammonia and VFA concentrations ±

Parameter Treatments T1T2T3T4T5T6T7 Egg count per gram feces phase Egg count per gram feces phase Propionic acid9.32± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.65 % Reduction Number of egg count in feces ± Notes: 1. The increased in level of cassava leaves supplemented in both forms, significantly reduced the number of egg counted in the feces 2. Animals fed dried cassava leaves reduced in a larger amount of egg compared to those fed cassava silage

Parameter Treatments T1T2T3T4T5T6T7 N-Retention (g/d)6.2±3.53a7.6±2.29a9.2±3.41b11.02±2.08c 7.7±3.76a 11.19±2.60c13.43±3.81d Daily weight gain g/d)23.9±11.51a26.3±11.51a40.9±12.31b22.7±18.56a46.02±17.64b68.2±18.56c81.2±11.21d N-retention and weight gain ± Notes: 1. The increased in level of cassava leaves supplemented in both forms, significantly increased N- retention and daily weight gain 2. Animals fed dried cassava leaves had better growth than those received cassava silage

CONCLUSIONS 1.Cassava leaves supplemented in the form of dry had better effect on intake, digestibility and growth 2.Supplementing up to 2 g CP/kg BW did not give a negative effect due to the presence of anti-nutrition such as HCN and condensed tannin

SUGGESTIONS 1.In farmers level, processing cassava by simple drying machine needs to be created, as it will give more benefits to their farm 2.Integrating maize and cassava plantation as crop-animal system may be an appropriate strategy to establish sustainable ruminant production

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION