Albia Dugger Miami Dade College Cecie Starr Christine Evers Lisa Starr Chapter 1 Invitation to Biology (Sections )

1.1 The Secret Life of Earth Biology is the systematic study of life

A Pattern in Life’s Organization All matter consists of atoms, which combine as molecules Organisms are individuals that consist of one or more cells Cells of larger multicelled organisms are organized as tissues, organs, and organ systems

Key Terms atom Fundamental building block of all matter molecule An association of two or more atoms cell Smallest unit of life

Key Terms tissue In multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function organ In multicelled organisms, a grouping of tissues that perform a collective function organ system In multicelled organisms, set of tissues and cells engaged in a collective function that keeps the body functioning properly organism Individual that consists of one or more cells

Organization Among Organisms A population is a group of individuals of a species in a given area A community is all populations of all species in a given area An ecosystem is a community interacting with its environment The biosphere includes all regions of Earth that hold life

Fig. 1.3, p. 4 molecule Atoms joined in chemical bonds. This is a model of a water molecule. The molecules of life are much larger and more complex than water. organ Structural unit of interacting tissues. Flowers are the reproductive organs of many plants. atom Atoms are fundamental units of all substances, living or not. This image shows a model of a single atom. organ system A set of interacting organs. The shoot system of this poppy plant includes its aboveground parts: leaves, flowers, and stems. cell The cell is the smallest unit of life. Some, like this plant cell, live and reproduce as part of a multicelled organism; others do so on their own. tissue Organized array of cells and substances that interact in a collective task. This is epidermal tissue on the outer surface of a flower petal

Fig , p. 4 atom Atoms are fundamental units of all substances, living or not. This image shows a model of a single atom. 1

Fig , p. 4 molecule Atoms joined in chemical bonds. This is a model of a water molecule. The molecules of life are much larger and more complex than water. 2

Fig , p. 4 cell The cell is the smallest unit of life. Some, like this plant cell, live and reproduce as part of a multicelled organism; others do so on their own. 3

Fig , p. 4 tissue Organized array of cells and substances that interact in a collective task. This is epidermal tissue on the outer surface of a flower petal. 4

Fig , p. 4 organ Structural unit of interacting tissues. Flowers are the reproductive organs of many plants. 5

Fig , p. 4 organ system A set of interacting organs. The shoot system of this poppy plant includes its aboveground parts: leaves, flowers, and stems. 6

ANIMATION: Life's levels of organization To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERECLICK HERE

Key Concepts The Science of Nature We understand life by studying it at different levels of organization, which extend from atoms and molecules to the biosphere The quality we call “life” emerges at the level of cells

1.3 How Living Things Are Alike Life has underlying unity: All living things have similar characteristics 1.Continual inputs of energy and cycling of materials maintain life’s complex organization 2.Organisms sense and respond to change 3.All organisms use information in DNA inherited from parents to function and reproduce

(1) Organisms Require Energy and Nutrients All organisms require energy and nutrients to sustain themselves energy The capacity to do work nutrient Substance that an organism needs for growth and survival, but cannot make for itself

Producers and Consumers Producers harvest energy from the environment to make their own food by processes such as photosynthesis Consumers eat other organisms, or their wastes and remains

Key Terms producer Organism that makes its own food using energy and simple raw materials from the environment photosynthesis Process by which producers use light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water consumer Organism that gets energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms

Energy, Producers, and Consumers Energy flows one way Materials recycle

sunlight energy A Producers harvest energy from the environment. Some of that energy flows from producers to consumers. Producers plants and other self-feeding organisms Consumers animals, most fungi, many protists, bacteria Fig. 1.4b, p. 6 C All of the energy that enters the world of life eventually flows out of it, mainly as heat released back to the environment. Stepped Art B Nutrients that become incorporated into the cells of producers and consumers are eventually released by decomposition. Some cycle back to producers. Energy, Producers, and Consumers

ANIMATION: One-way energy flow and materials cycling To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERECLICK HERE

(2) Organisms Sense and Respond to Change Organisms keep conditions in their internal environment within ranges cells tolerate—a process called homeostasis homeostasis Set of processes by which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges Includes body fluid composition and temperature

Stimulation and Response Every organism senses and responds to conditions inside and outside itself

(3) Organisms Use DNA DNA contains information that guides all of an organism’s metabolic activities, including growth, development, and reproduction Small variations in DNA structure give rise to differences between species and individuals The passage of DNA from parents to offspring is inheritance

Key Terms DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid; carries hereditary information that guides growth and development growth In multicelled species, an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells development Multistep process by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multicelled adult

Key Terms reproduction Processes by which parents produce offspring inheritance Transmission of DNA from parents to offspring

Key Concepts Life’s Unity All organisms consist of one or more cells that take in energy and raw materials to stay alive All sense and respond to stimuli All function and reproduce with the help of DNA

1.4 How Living Things Differ Different types of organisms differ greatly in details of body form and function Biodiversity is the sum of differences among living things biodiversity Variation among living organisms

Diversity of Life Bacteria and archaeans are single-celled, and their DNA is not contained within a nucleus Eukaryotes (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) can be single-celled or multicelled, and their DNA is contained within a nucleus

Key Terms bacterium Member of a large group of single-celled organisms archaean Member of a group of single-celled organisms that differ from bacteria nucleus Double-membraned sac that encloses a cell’s DNA eukaryote Organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus

Eukaryotes Protists are the simplest eukaryotes, ranging from amoebas to giant kelps Many fungi are decomposers, including mushrooms Most plants are photosynthetic producers that provide food for most other organisms Animals eat other organisms; they include herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, and parasites

Key Terms protist Diverse group of simple eukaryotes fungus Type of eukaryotic consumer that obtains nutrients by digestion and absorption outside the body plant A multicelled, typically photosynthetic producer animal Multicelled consumer that develops through a series of stages and moves about during part or all of its life cycle

Bacteria

Fig. 1.6a1, p. 8

Fig. 1.6a2, p. 8

Fig. 1.6a3, p. 8

Fig. 1.6a4, p. 8

Fig. 1.6a5, p. 8

Fig. 1.6a6, p. 8

Archaeans

Fig. 1.6b1, p. 8

Fig. 1.6b2, p. 8

Protists

Fig. 1.6c1, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c2, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c3, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c4, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c5, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c6, p. 9

Fungi

Fig. 1.6c9, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c10, p. 9

Plants

Fig. 1.6c7, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c8, p. 9

Animals

Fig. 1.6c11, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c12, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c13, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c14, p. 9

ANIMATION: Life's diversity To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERECLICK HERE

Key Concepts Life’s Diversity Observable characteristics vary tremendously among organisms Various classification systems help us keep track of the differences

ANIMATION: Three Domains To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERECLICK HERE